Peeking Further into C++00X

Traditionally, the double_underscore ("__") denotes a compiler vendor-specific identifier, although it is now a universal identifier in this particular case. Here's a typical usage:

include <cstdio>
namespace example
{

   void myfunc()
   {
      std::printf("Error in function %s\n", __func__);
      /* ... */
   }

}

WG21 proposal N2220 provides further clarification of how __func__ changes over the course of the runtime environment:

namespace N { void f(); }
void N::f() { }                   // __func__ is "f"

struct S {
   S() : s(__func__) { }          // okay, s points to "S"
   ~S() { }                       // __func__ is "~S"
   // __func__ is "conversion operator"
   operator int() { }
   template<class T> int g();
   const char *s;
};
S operator +(S,S) { }             // __func__ is "operator+"
template<> int S::g<int>() { }    // __func__ is "g"

Tracking the PODs

One thing missing in the standards as of late is a clear definition of what constitutes a POD object. POD stands for Plain Old Data and begs the question "What kinds of things can you do with classes that resemble old C structs for all intents and purposes?" It is not a silly question because compiler optimization, STL implementation efficiency, and thread-safe operation rely heavily on knowing when something can be bitwise-copied, like a dumb struct and when the consequences of ctors and dtors comes into requirement. It has evolved over time to N2324, which provides keywords for expressing atomic operations, a key requirement for thread-safe code. A discussion of POD semantics lies outside of what I can cover in this article.

The decltype feature lets you get the type of an expression, so that you can do things with the type (for example, declare more variables of that type) without knowing in advance what the type is or how to spell it.

Even More Runtime Type Information

The decltype() is a great boon to generic programming with templates, and without the runtime cost of reflection in other languages (think of TypeOf() in .NET parlance). For example, say that you're handed an iterator, and you want to know what type it refers to. Today, you need to ask the iterator for its value_type, which is a manual "traits" convention everyone is expected to follow when writing and using iterators:

template<typename Iter>
void f( Iter it ) {
   Iter::value_type v = *it;
   ...
}

With decltype, you could instead write:

template<typename Iter>
void f( Iter it ) {
   decltype(*it) v = *it;
   ...
}

This is all in service of making C++ code easier to write and with exposing fewer awkward implementation details. On a similar note, you may notice the explosion of typedefs needed to make using certain STL types legible. This is addressed by the new auto keyword that basically says "Make me a variable of the correct return type" and is bound to save hours of searching manuals and copy/paste madness. Instead of writing

for (vector<int>::const_iterator itr = myvec.begin();
   itr != myvec.end(); ++itr)

the programmer can use the shorter

for (auto itr = myvec.begin(); itr != myvec.end(); ++itr)

Which form would you try to teach new programmers trying to learn C++? Yes, I think so too!

About the Author

Victor Volkman has been writing for C/C++ Users Journal and other programming journals since the late 1980s. He is a graduate of Michigan Tech and a faculty advisor board member for the Washtenaw Community College CIS department. Volkman is the editor of numerous books, including C/C++ Treasure Chest and is the owner of Loving Healing Press. He can help you in your quest for open source tools and libraries; just drop an e-mail to sysop@HAL9K.com.

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This article was originally published on October 1, 2007