Pseudo-Objects in Active Server Pages

In this article, I describe pseudo-objects and illustrate how to program with them. Tools & Resources The following tools and resources are recommended for testing the example programs that are presented in this article: Access to an ASP web server. This can be Personal Web Server (PWS) on Win95, Win98, or WinNT Workstation, or Internet Information Server (IIS) on Windows NT Server. A database that can be accessed via ODBC, for example Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, or Oracle. Microsoft Visual InterDev, or your favorite text editor. Note: Having access to a database is not absolutely necessary. With just a little work, the sample programs that I present can be modified so that they don’t access a database. Basic Pseudo-Objects Many ASP programs are written in VBScript, which does not provide a way to create user-defined objects (unlike VB). That is, in VBScript you can’t define your own classes then create objects from those classes. However, ASP has an object called Dictionary that is similar to an Associative array in Perl or a Hashtable in Java. It provides a mechanism by which you can store key-value pairs. Here [“DictionaryObj.asp”] is a simple program that demonstrates using the Dictionary object. It creates a Dictionary object, adds some items to it, then displays the contents of the object. With the Dictionary object you can create “objects” with dynamically defined fields. They are not real objects, because they don’t have methods, but are useful nonetheless. Thus, I call them “pseudo-objects”. A simple example program that illustrates a basic pseudo-object called “Car” is here [“BasicObj.asp”]. It creates a new Car pseudo-object, sets the fields, then displays the object. Even though methods cannot be defined for pseudo-objects, functions and subroutines can be written that manipulate pseudo-objects in a similar manner. For example, the Car_New() function in “BasicObj.asp” creates and returns a New Car object. The functions and subroutines for a pseudo-object can be packaged together in an include file to create an encapsulated unit that is similar a complete user-defined object. You will see an example of this in the next section. Database Objects Database objects provide a layer of separation between the application and the database, because programs only have to deal with the objects, not the database. One way to implement database pseudo-objects is to write functions and subroutines that retrieve, create, update, and delete objects that are stored in a database. A program that illustrates a database version of the Car pseudo-object shown in the previous section is here [“DatabaseObj.asp”]. It creates a few Car pseudo-objects in the database, loads a list of the cars that match given criteria, shows the list, sets the color of each car in the list to blue, shows the list again, deletes one car, loads a list of all cars, then shows the list one final time. Note that the “DatabaseObj.asp” program assumes the following: A database called “CarDB” exists. A table called “Cars” exists in the “CarDB” database. A system Data Source Name (DSN) called “CarDB” has been created in the ODBC control panel on the web server. The include file that contains the implementation of the Car pseudo-object is here here [“Car.inc.txt”]. An include file that contains some database functions is here [“db.inc.txt”]. Entity Objects After using pseudo-objects a couple of times, I realized that I had redundant code in each object that could be abstracted. So, I created a generic pseudo-object, which I called an Entity. Then, I implemented other pseudo-objects in my applications as compositions of the Entity pseudo-object. Essentially, this is one way to achieve the equivalent of inheritance in a programming language that is not object-oriented. (You can do something similar in VB to fake inheritance.) The code for the Entity pseudo-object is here [“Entity.inc”]. An implementation of the Car pseudo-object that has been re-written as a composition of the Entity pseudo-object is here [“Car2.inc.”]. Notice that each function or subroutine is merely a wrapper for the corresponding function or subroutine of the Entity pseudo-object. If you modify “DatabaseObj.asp” so that it includes “Entity.inc” and “Car2.inc” instead of “Car.inc”, it should run correctly without any other changes. (Note: Be sure “Entity.inc” is included before “Car2.inc”.) Field Inspection Since pseudo-objects are based on the ASP Dictionary object, inspection of the fields is possible. First, the field names are just the keys in the Dictionary and can be retrieved with the Keys() method. Second, the field types can be determined with the TypeName() function. Here [“FieldInspection.asp”] is a simple example. With field inspection, more advanced operations are possible, such as serialization and simple cloning. These are presented in the next two sections. Serialization As I used pseudo-objects for more applications, I discovered that I needed to pass them from one program to another, or create them from an input form. So, I implemented a couple of routines to serialize and deserialize pseudo-objects. The code for them can be seen in “Entity.inc”. Basically, Entity_URLEncode() serializes an object to a string that is URL encoded, so that it can be passed as a series of URL parameters. Entity_URLDecode() reverses the process, decoding data from a given Request object (an ASP object that contains HTTP request data) into an empty pseudo-object. The fields of the pseudo-object are determined by using field inspection to examine the empty pseudo-object. A program that illustrates serialization and deserialization of a pseudo-object is here [“SerialObj.asp.”]. It creates a pseudo-object, presents a form for changing the fields. When the user clicks the “Submit” button, the Car object will be updated and show in the form again. When the user clicks on the “Revert” link, any changes will be discarded and the previous car object will be displayed in the form. Cloning At some point in development of an application, I determined that I needed to make a copy of a pseudo-object. So, I wrote Entity_Clone(), a function that returns a copy of a given object. Note, though, that Entity_Clone() only makes a shallow copy. If the given object contains references to other objects, those objects will not be cloned. Entity_Clone() uses field inspection to examine the given object and Determine its field names, then uses the field names to copy the field values to a new object. You can see the code for it in “Entity.inc”. Also, here [“CloneObj.asp”] is a simple program that creates a pseudo-object, clones it, then displays both objects. Summary In this article, I have described pseudo-objects, illustrated how to use them, and shown some advanced operations that can be performed with them. Hopefully, you have seen how they can provide a good layer of separation between ASP programs and a database. Writing Active Server Components in Visual Basic MSDN Online Web Workshop – Languages & Development Tools MSDN Online Web Workshop – Server Technologies About the author: Thornton Rose is a software developer who lives and works in Atlanta, Georgia. He can be reached via e-mail at trose@avana.net.

%

‘ DictionaryObj.asp – Simple program to show usage of Dictionary object.

‘ Force variables to be declared.
option explicit
‘ Declare variables.
dim objFoo
‘ Create empty Dictionary object.
set objFoo = Server.CreateObject(“Scripting.Dictionary”)
‘ Add items.
‘ Note: The item keys are case-sensitive. If you add an item with the key

‘ “color”, you cannot retrieve it with the key “Color”.
objFoo.Add “color”, “blue”

objFoo.Add “size”, 1
‘ Show object.
Response.Write “
” & vbCrLf

Response.Write “objFoo.color = ” & objFoo(“color”) & vbCrLf

Response.Write “objFoo.size = ” & objFoo(“size”) & vbCrLf

Response.Write “
” & vbCrLf

%>

<%
' BasicObj.asp - Simple program to show pseudo-object called "Car".

' Force variables to be declared.

option explicit  

' Declare variables.

dim objCar

' Create a Car pseudo-object.

set objCar = Car_New()
objCar("make") = "Toyota"
objCar("model") = "Corolla"
objCar("year") = 1991

' Show the car.

Response.Write "objCar: " & objCar("year") & " " & objCar("make") & " " & _
   objCar("model") & vbCrLf

' -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

' Car_New(): Creates a new, empty Car object.
'
function Car_New()
   dim objCar

   ' Create Dictionary object as base.

   set objCar = Server.CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")

   ' Add fields.

   objCar.Add "make",  ""
   objCar.Add "model", ""
   objCar.Add "year",  0

   ' Return the new, empty Car.

   set Car_New = objCar
end function
%>

<%
' DatabaseObj.asp - Program to show database version of pseudo-object called
' "Car".
option explicit
%>

NOTE: include file=”db.inc”

NOTE: include file=”car.inc”




   







<%
dim strConn  ' Connection string
dim carList  ' List of cars
dim car      ' Car object
dim items    ' Array of car objects
dim result   ' Result code
dim i        ' Counter

' Specify database connection.

strConn = "DSN=CarDB;UID=;PWD="

' Put some car objects in the database.

CreateCars strConn
Response.Write vbCrLf

' Load and show a list of Cars that are newer than 1990, ordered by make.

set carList = Car_Load(strConn, "year > 1990″, “make, model, year”)

Response.Write “Cars newer than 1990:” & vbCrLf

ShowCarList carList

Response.Write vbCrLf
‘ Make the 1990 and later cars blue.
items = carList.Items()
for i = 0 to UBound(items)

   set car = items(i)

   car(“color”) = “blue”

   result = Car_Update(strConn, car)

next
‘ Show the cars again.
Response.Write “Blue cars newer than 1990:” & vbCrLf

ShowCarList carList

Response.Write vbCrLf
‘ Delete the 1997 Geo Prizm.
set car = carList(“1003″)

result = Car_Delete(strConn, car)
ShowCar car

Response.Write ” deleted.” & vbCrLf & vbCrLf
‘ Load the list of all cars, then show it.
set carList = Car_Load(strConn, “”, “make, model, year”)
Response.Write “All cars that are left:” & vbCrLf

ShowCarList carList
‘ —————————————————————————–
‘ CreateCars(): Populate the database with some cars.

‘

sub CreateCars(strConn)

   dim objCar
   ‘ Car 1
   set objCar = Car_New()

   objCar(“VIN”)   = “1001”

   objCar(“make”)  = “Toyota”

   objCar(“model”) = “Corolla”

   objCar(“color”) = “white”

   objCar(“year”)  = 1991
   Car_Insert strConn, objCar
   ShowCar objCar

   Response.Write ” inserted.” & vbCrLf
   ‘ Car 2
   set objCar = Car_New()

   objCar(“VIN”)   = “1002”

   objCar(“make”) = “Volkswagen”

   objCar(“model”) = “Beetle”

   objCar(“color”) = “red”

   objCar(“year”) = 1965
   Car_Insert strConn, objCar
   ShowCar objCar

   Response.Write ” inserted.” & vbCrLf
   ‘ Car 3
   set objCar = Car_New()

   objCar(“VIN”)   = “1003”

   objCar(“make”) = “Geo”

   objCar(“model”) = “Prizm”

   objCar(“color”) = “green”

   objCar(“year”) = 1997
   Car_Insert strConn, objCar
   ShowCar objCar

   Response.Write ” inserted.” & vbCrLf

end sub
‘ ShowCarList(): Show the given list of cars.

‘

sub ShowCarList(list)

   dim i

   dim items

   dim car
   ‘ Get an array of the items.
   items = list.Items()
   ‘ Loop through the array.
   for i = 0 to UBound(items)

      ‘ Get the car.
      set car = items(i)
      ‘ Show the car.
      Response.Write “car ” & (i + 1) & ” = ”

      ShowCar car

      Response.Write vbCrLf

   next

end sub
‘ ShowCar(): Shows the given car.

‘

sub ShowCar(car)

   Response.Write “[” & car(“year”) & ” ” & car(“make”) & ” ” & _

      car(“model”) & “, ” & car(“color”) & “]”

end sub

%>

<%
' Car.inc -- Functions and subroutines for Car pseudo-object.

' Car_New(): Creates an empty Car object.
'
function Car_New()
   dim objCar

   set objCar = Server.CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")

   objCar.Add "VIN",   ""
   objCar.Add "make",  ""
   objCar.Add "model", ""
   objCar.Add "color", ""
   objCar.Add "year",  0

   set Car_New = objCar
end function

' Car_Load(): Loads a list of Car objects from the database for the given
' condition in the given order.
'
function Car_Load(strConn, where, orderBy)
   dim recordset
   dim list
   dim car

   ' Create the list.

   set list = Server.CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")

   ' Run the database query.
   
   set recordset = DB_Query(strConn, "*", "Cars", where, orderBy)

   ' Loop through the recordset to load the list.

   do while not recordset.EOF
      ' Create an empty car.
      
      set car = Car_New()

      ' Get the field values.
      
      car("VIN") = recordset("VIN").Value
      car("make") = recordset("make").Value
      car("model") = recordset("model").Value
      car("color") = recordset("color").Value
      car("year") = CInt(recordset("year").Value)

      ' Add the car to the list.

      list.Add car("VIN"), car

      ' Move to the next record.

      recordset.MoveNext
   loop

   ' Close the recordset.

   recordset.Close

   ' Return the list.

   set Car_Load = list
end function

' Car_Insert(): Inserts the given Car object into the database.
'
function Car_Insert(strConn, objCar)
   dim fields
   dim values

   fields = "VIN, make, model, color, year"
   values = _
      "'" & objCar("VIN")   & "', " & _
      "'" & objCar("make")  & "', " & _
      "'" & objCar("model") & "', " & _
      "'" & objCar("color") & "', " & _
      objCar("year")

   Car_Insert = DB_Insert(strConn, "Cars", fields, values)
end function

' Car_Update(): Updates the given Car object in the database.
'
function Car_Update(strConn, objCar)
   dim values

   values = _
      "make = '" & objCar("make")  & "', " & _
      "model = '" & objCar("model") & "', " & _
      "color = '" & objCar("color") & "', " & _
      "year = " & objCar("year")

   Car_Update = DB_Update(strConn, "Cars", values, _
      "VIN = '" & objCar("VIN") & "'")
end function

' Car_Delete(): Deletes the given Car object from the database.
'
function Car_Delete(strConn, objCar)
   Car_Delete = DB_Delete(strConn, "Cars", _
      "VIN = '" & objCar("VIN") & "'")
end function
%>

<%
' Entity.inc -- Functions and subroutines for Entity pseudo-objects.

' Entity_New() creates a new Entity.
'
function Entity_New()
   dim obj
   dim fields
   dim defaults
   dim i

   ' Create the empty object.

   set obj = Server.CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")

   ' Add the base fields.

   obj.Add "_Table",      ""
   obj.Add "_PrimaryKey", ""

   set Entity_New = obj
end function

' Entity_Load() loads a list of objects from the database.
'
function Entity_Load(strConn, emptyObj, fields, where, orderBy)
   dim list
   dim recordset
   dim obj
   dim fieldNames
   dim value
   dim key
   dim i
   
   ' Get field names.
   
   fieldNames = emptyObj.Keys()

   ' Create the list and run the query.

   set list = Server.CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")
   set recordset = DB_Query(strConn, fields, emptyObj("_Table"), _
      where, orderBy)

   ' Load the records into the list.

   do while not recordset.EOF
      set obj = Entity_Clone(emptyObj)
      
      for i = 0 to UBound(fieldNames)
         if Left(fieldNames(i), 1) <> “_” then

            value = Entity_ConvertType( _

               DB_NullVal( _

                  recordset(fieldNames(i)).Value, emptyObj(fieldNames(i))), _

                  TypeName(obj(fieldNames(i))) )

            obj(fieldNames(i)) = value

         end if

      next

      ‘ Add the object to the list.
      key = recordset(emptyObj(“_PrimaryKey”)).Value
      if TypeName(key) <> “String” then

         key = CStr(key)

      end if
      list.Add key, obj
      ‘ Move to the next record.
      recordset.MoveNext

   loop
   ‘ Close the recordset.
   recordset.Close
   ‘ Return the list.
   set Entity_Load = list

end function
‘ Entity_Insert() inserts the given object into the database.

‘

function Entity_Insert(strConn, obj)

   dim fields

   dim values

   dim keys

   dim data

   dim i
   ‘ Build the fields and values clauses.
   fields = “”

   values = “”

   keys = obj.Keys()
   for i = 0 to UBound(keys)
      ‘ If not an internal key …
      if Left(keys(i), 1) <> “_” then
         if fields <> “” then

            fields = fields & “,”

         end if
         fields = fields & “`” & keys(i) & “`”
         ‘ Add value.
         data = obj(keys(i))
         if values <> “” then

            values = values & “,”

         end if
         if (TypeName(data) = “String”) or _

            (TypeName(data) = “Date”) then

            values = values & “‘” & data & “‘”

         else

            values = values & data

         end if

      end if

   next
   ‘ Insert the record.
   Entity_Insert = DB_Insert(strConn, obj(“_Table”), fields, values)

end function
‘ Entity_Update() updates the given object in the database.

‘

function Entity_Update(strConn, obj)

   dim assignments

   dim items

   dim keys

   dim data

   dim where

   dim i
   assignments = “”

   keys = obj.Keys()

   items = obj.Items()
   for i = 0 to UBound(keys)

      if (Left(keys(i), 1) <> “_”) and _

         (keys(i) <> obj(“_PrimaryKey”)) then
         ‘ Add assignment.
         data = items(i)
         if assignments <> “” then

            assignments = assignments & “,”

         end if
         assignments = assignments & “`” & keys(i) & “` = ”
         if (TypeName(data) = “String”) or _

            (TypeName(data) = “Date”) then

            assignments = assignments & “‘” & data & “‘”

         else

            assignments = assignments & data

         end if

      end if

   next
   ‘ Build where clause.
   where = obj(“_PrimaryKey”) & ” = ”

   data = obj(obj(“_PrimaryKey”))
   if (TypeName(data) = “String”) or _

      (TypeName(data) = “Date”) then

      where = where & “‘” & data & “‘”

   else

      where = where & data

   end if
   ‘ Update database.
   Entity_Update = DB_Update(strConn, obj(“_Table”), assignments, where)

end function
‘ Entity_Delete() deletes the given object from the database.

‘

function Entity_Delete(strConn, obj)

   dim data

   dim where
   ‘ Build where clause.
   where = obj(“_PrimaryKey”) & ” = ”

   data = obj(obj(“_PrimaryKey”))
   if (TypeName(data) = “String”) or _

      (TypeName(data) = “Date”) then

      where = where & “‘” & data & “‘”

   else

      where = where & data

   end if
   ‘ Delete record.
   Entity_Delete = DB_Delete(strConn, obj(“_Table”), where)

end function
‘ Entity_Clone() clones the given object.

‘

function Entity_Clone(obj)

   dim newObj

   dim keys

   dim i
   ‘ Create an empty object.
   set newObj = Server.CreateObject(“Scripting.Dictionary”)
   keys = obj.Keys()
   for i = 0 to UBound(keys)

      newObj.Add keys(i), obj(keys(i))

   next
   set Entity_Clone = newObj

end function
‘ Entity_URLEncode() encodes the given Dictionary object into query

‘ string format (e.g. a=1&b=2) using the given name as a tag for the object

‘ fields.

‘

function Entity_URLEncode(name, obj)

   dim data

   dim keys

   dim i
   ‘ Get the keys (field names) of the object.
   data = “”

   keys = obj.Keys()
   ‘ Loop through the keys. For each, add the key name and the key value to

   ‘ the query string data. The given object name is prepended to the key

   ‘ name, so that it can be decoded later and so that multiple objects can

   ‘ be encoded without field name collisions. (Basically, this allows each

   ‘ object to  have its own “name space” in the query string.)

   ‘

   ‘ Here is an example:

   ‘

   ‘ name = “article”

   ‘ key =  “title”

   ‘ article(“title”) = “foo”

   ‘

   ‘ => data = “article_title=foo”
   for i = 0 to UBound(keys)

      data = data & _

         Server.URLEncode(name & “_” & keys(i)) & “=” & _

         Server.URLEncode(CStr(obj(keys(i))))
      ‘ If there is more than one keys, append “&”, which is the field

      ‘ separator in a query string.
      if i < UBound(keys) then
         data = data & "&"
      end if
   next

   ' Return the query string data.

   Entity_URLEncode = data
end function

' Entity_URLDecode() decodes a object from a query string. When it is
' done the given object contains the decoded data. The fields defined in the
' given object are extracted from the query string of the given request 
' object and stored in the given object. The given object name is used as
' a tag for the object fields and must the name (case-sensitive) that was
' used to encode the object originally.
'
sub Entity_URLDecode(req, objectName, obj)
   dim keys
   dim fieldName
   dim fieldData
   dim fieldValue
   dim i

   ' Get the keys (field names) from the object.

   keys = obj.Keys()

   ' Loop through the fields. For each, decode the field and its data from
   ' the given request object and store the data in the given object.

   for i = 0 to UBound(keys)
      ' Get the field name.

      fieldName = keys(i)

      ' Get the field data from the request object.

      fieldData = req(objectName & "_" & fieldName)

      ' Convert the field data from string to the type of the object field.
      
      fieldValue = Entity_ConvertType(fieldData, TypeName(obj(fieldName)))

      ' If the type conversion did not work (null was returned), then just
      ' store the data as-is.
      
      if IsNull(fieldValue) then
         fieldValue = fieldData
      end if

      ' Store the field in the given object.

      obj(fieldName) = fieldValue
   next
end sub

' Entity_WriteInternalAttributes() writes all attributes that start with "_" as
' hidden form fields.
'
sub Entity_WriteInternalAttributes(obj, prefix)
   dim keys
   dim i
   
   keys = obj.Keys()
   
   for i = 0 to UBound(keys)
      if Left(keys(i), 1) = "_" then
         Response.Write _
            "” & vbCrLf

      end if

   next

end sub
‘ Entity_ConvertType() converts the given value to the given type.

‘

function Entity_ConvertType(value, toType)

   dim result
   select case toType

      case “String”

         result = CStr(value)
      case “Date”

         result = CDate(value)
      case “Integer”

         result = CInt(value)
      case “Long”

         result = CLng(value)
      case “Double”

         result = CDbl(value)

   end select
   Entity_ConvertType = result

end function

%>

<%
' Car2.inc -- Functions and subroutines for Car pseudo-object.
' (Modified version of Car.inc to use Entity as base object.)

' Car_New(): Creates an empty Car object.
'
function Car_New()
   dim objCar

   ' Create empty Entity.
   
   set objCar = Entity_New()

   ' Set "hidden" fields.
   
   objCar("_Table") = "Cars"
   objCar("_PrimaryKey") = "VIN"

   ' Add Car fields.
   
   objCar.Add "VIN",   ""
   objCar.Add "make",  ""
   objCar.Add "model", ""
   objCar.Add "color", ""
   objCar.Add "year",  0

   ' Return object.
   
   set Car_New = objCar
end function

' Car_Load(): Loads a list of Car objects from the database for the given
' condition in the given order.
'
function Car_Load(strConn, where, orderBy)
   set Car_Load = Entity_Load(strConn, Car_New(), "*", where, orderBy)
end function

' Car_Insert(): Inserts the given Car object into the database.
'
function Car_Insert(strConn, objCar)
   Car_Insert = Entity_Insert(strConn, objCar)
end function

' Car_Update(): Updates the given Car object in the database.
'
function Car_Update(strConn, objCar)
   Car_Update = Entity_Update(strConn, objCar)
end function

' Car_Delete(): Deletes the given Car object from the database.
'
function Car_Delete(strConn, objCar)
   Car_Delete = Entity_Delete(strConn, objCar)
end function
%>

<%
' FieldInspection.asp - Example program to show inspection of the fields of a
' pseudo-object.

option explicit
%>

NOTE: include file=”db.inc”

NOTE: include file=”Entity.inc”

NOTE: include file=”Car2.inc”


<%
dim car
dim fieldNames
dim field
dim i

' Create Car and get array of fields.

set car = Car_New()
fieldNames = car.Keys()

' Show fields and field types.

Response.Write "

” & vbCrLf

Response.Write “Fields of Car pseudo-object:” & vbCrLf & vbCrLf

for i = 0 to UBound(fieldNames)

   field = car(fieldNames(i))

   Response.Write fieldNames(i) & “: ” & TypeName(field) & vbCrLf

next
Response.Write “
” & vbCrLf

%>

 





<%
' SerialObj.asp - Program to illustrate serialization/deserialization of a
' pseudo-object.

option explicit
%>

NOTE: include file=”db.inc”

NOTE: include file=”entity.inc”

NOTE: include file=”car2.inc”
<br />
<%
dim car
dim fieldNames
dim field
dim i
dim thisPage

thisPage = Request.ServerVariables("SCRIPT_NAME")

set car = Car_New()

if Request("event") <> &#8220;&#8221; then<br />
   Entity_URLDecode Request, &#8220;car&#8221;, car<br />
end if<br />
%><br />
<html><br />
<head><br />
   <title>Car Form</title><br />
</head><br />
</body></p>
<p><font face="ariel, helvetica" size="-1"><xmp></p>
<form name="carForm" method="get" action="<%= thisPage %>&#8220;></p>
<table border=0>
<tr>
<td>VIN:</td>
<td><input type=text name="car_VIN" value="<%= car("VIN") %>&#8220;></tr>
<tr>
<td>Make:</td>
<td><input type=text name="car_make" value="<%= car("make") %>&#8220;></tr>
<tr>
<td>Model:</td>
<td><input type=text name="car_model" value="<%= car("model") %>&#8220;></tr>
<tr>
<td>Year:</td>
<td><input type=text name="car_year" value="<%= car("year") %>&#8220;></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=2>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><input type=submit name="event" value="Submit"></td>
<td><a href="<%= thisPage %>?event=Revert&#038;<%= Entity_URLEncode("car", car) %>&#8220;>Revert<!--Broken Link? --></a></td>
<p><!-- Possible broken link --><br />
      </tr>
</table>
<p>   <% Entity_WriteInternalAttributes car, "car" %><br />
</form>
<p></body><br />
</html><br />
</PRE></font> </p>
<p><!--end_section--></P></p>
<p><!--section--><P></p>
<p><font size="-1"><PRE><br />
<%
' CloneObj.asp - Example program to show cloning of a pseudo-object.
option explicit
%></p>
<p>NOTE: include file=&#8221;db.inc&#8221;<br />
NOTE: include file=&#8221;Entity.inc&#8221;<br />
NOTE: include file=&#8221;Car2.inc&#8221;</p>
<p><PRE><br />
<%
dim car1
dim car2

' Create a Car.

set car1 = Car_New()
car1("make") = "Volkswagen"
car1("model") = "Beetle"
car1("year") = 1965
car1("color") = "yellow"

' Clone the car.

set car2 = Entity_Clone(car1)

' Show the cars.

Response.Write "

<pre>&#8221; &#038; vbCrLf</p>
<p>Response.Write &#8220;car 1: [&#8221; &#038; car1(&#8220;year&#8221;) &#038; &#8221; &#8221; &#038; car1(&#8220;make&#8221;) &#038; &#8221; &#8221; &#038; _<br />
   car1(&#8220;model&#8221;) &#038; &#8220;, &#8221; &#038; car1(&#8220;color&#8221;) &#038; &#8220;]&#8221; &#038; vbCrLf<br />
Response.Write &#8220;car 2: [&#8221; &#038; car2(&#8220;year&#8221;) &#038; &#8221; &#8221; &#038; car2(&#8220;make&#8221;) &#038; &#8221; &#8221; &#038; _<br />
   car2(&#8220;model&#8221;) &#038; &#8220;, &#8221; &#038; car2(&#8220;color&#8221;) &#038; &#8220;]&#8221; &#038; vbCrLf </p>
<p>Response.Write &#8220;</PRE>&#8221; &#038; vbCrLf<br />
%></p>
<p></PRE></font> </p>
<p><!--end_section--></P></p>
<p><!--section--><P></p>
<p><font size="-1"><PRE><br />
<%
' db.inc -- Database functions and procedures.

' DB_NullVal() is equivalent to the Oracle nvl() function. It returns the 
' given value if the given variable is null. Otherwise, it returns the 
' variable.
'
function DB_NullVal(var, val)
   if IsNull(var) then
      DB_NullVal = val
   else
      DB_NullVal = var
   end if
end function

' DB_NextVal() returns the next values of the given sequence.
'
function DB_NextVal(connString, sequenceName)
   dim conn
   dim rs
   dim nextVal

   nextVal = 0

   set conn = Server.CreateObject("ADODB.Connection")
   conn.Open connString
   set rs = conn.Execute("select " &#038; sequenceName &#038; ".NextVal from dual")
   nextVal = rs("NextVal")
   rs.Close

   DB_NextVal = nextVal
end function

' DB_Query() runs a query and returns the resulting recordset.
'
function DB_Query(connString, fields, from, where, orderBy)
   dim recordset
   dim sql

   sql = "select " &#038; fields &#038; " from " &#038; from

   if where <> &#8220;&#8221; then<br />
      sql = sql &#038; &#8221; where &#8221; &#038; where<br />
   end if</p>
<p>   if orderBy <> &#8220;&#8221; then<br />
      sql = sql &#038; &#8221; order by &#8221; &#038; orderBy<br />
   end if</p>
<p>   &#8216; debug<br />
   &#8216; Response.Write &#8220;<PRE>&#8221; &#038; sql &#038; &#8220;</PRE>&#8221;</p>
<p>   set recordset = Server.CreateObject(&#8220;ADODB.Recordset&#8221;)<br />
   recordset.Open sql, connString</p>
<p>   set DB_Query = recordset<br />
end function</p>
<p>&#8216; DB_Insert() executes an SQL command to insert records. If the insert<br />
&#8216; statement completes successfully, a commit is executed.<br />
&#8216;<br />
function DB_Insert(connString, table, fields, values)<br />
   dim conn<br />
   dim rs<br />
   dim sql<br />
   dim recordsAffected</p>
<p>   DB_Insert = 0</p>
<p>   set conn = Server.CreateObject(&#8220;ADODB.Connection&#8221;)<br />
   conn.Open connString</p>
<p>   sql = &#8220;insert into &#8221; &#038; table &#038; &#8221; (&#8221; &#038; fields &#038; &#8220;) values(&#8221; &#038; values &#038; &#8220;)&#8221;</p>
<p>   conn.Execute sql, recordsAffected</p>
<p>   DB_Insert = recordsAffected</p>
<p>   if recordsAffected > 0 then<br />
      &#8216; Uncomment for Oracle, if autocommit is not on.<br />
      &#8216; conn.Execute &#8220;commit&#8221;, recordsAffected<br />
   end if</p>
<p>   conn.Close<br />
end function</p>
<p>&#8216; DB_Update() executes SQL to perform a database update.  If the update<br />
&#8216; statement completes successfully, a commit is executed.<br />
&#8216;<br />
function DB_Update(connString, tables, setStatements, where)<br />
   dim conn<br />
   dim sql<br />
   dim recordsAffected</p>
<p>   sql = &#8220;update &#8221; &#038; tables &#038; &#8221; set &#8221; &#038; setStatements</p>
<p>   if where <> &#8220;&#8221; then<br />
      sql = sql &#038; &#8221; where &#8221; &#038; where<br />
   end if</p>
<p>   &#8216; debug<br />
   &#8216; Response.Write &#8220;<PRE>sql = &#8221; &#038; sql &#038; &#8220;</PRE>&#8221;</p>
<p>   set conn = Server.CreateObject(&#8220;ADODB.Connection&#8221;)<br />
   conn.Open connString<br />
   conn.Execute sql, recordsAffected</p>
<p>   DB_Update = recordsAffected</p>
<p>   if recordsAffected > 0 then<br />
      &#8216; Uncomment for Oracle, it autocommit is not on.<br />
      &#8216; conn.Execute &#8220;commit&#8221;, recordsAffected<br />
   end if</p>
<p>   conn.Close<br />
end function</p>
<p>&#8216; DB_Delete() executes an SQL command to delete records.  If the delete<br />
&#8216; statement completes successfully, a commit is executed.<br />
&#8216;<br />
function DB_Delete(connString, from, where)<br />
   dim conn<br />
   dim sql<br />
   dim recordsAffected</p>
<p>   sql = &#8220;delete from &#8221; &#038; from</p>
<p>   if where <> &#8220;&#8221; then<br />
      sql = sql &#038; &#8221; where &#8221; &#038; where<br />
   end if</p>
<p>   set conn = Server.CreateObject(&#8220;ADODB.Connection&#8221;)<br />
   conn.Open connString<br />
   conn.Execute sql, recordsAffected</p>
<p>   DB_Delete = recordsAffected</p>
<p>   if recordsAffected > 0 then<br />
      &#8216; Uncomment for Oracle, if autocommit is not on.<br />
      &#8216; conn.Execute &#8220;commit&#8221;, recordsAffected<br />
   end if</p>
<p>   conn.Close<br />
end function</p>
<p>&#8216; DB_BeginTransaction() begins a transaction. (SQL Server)<br />
&#8216;<br />
function DB_BeginTransaction(connString)<br />
   dim conn</p>
<p>   set conn = Server.CreateObject(&#8220;ADODB.Connection&#8221;)<br />
   conn.Open connString<br />
   conn.BeginTrans</p>
<p>   set DB_BeginTransaction = conn<br />
end function<br />
%></p>
<p></PRE></font> </p>
<p><!--end_section--></P></p>
</div></div><div class="td_block_wrap tdb_single_post_share tdi_57  td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1"  data-td-block-uid="tdi_57" >
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