Plotting Engineering and Scientific Data using Java
Run the Program
Copy the code for the plotting program from Listing 39 into a Java source file named Graph01.java.Copy the code for the interface from Listing 1 into a Java source file named GraphIntfc01.java.
Compile and run the program named Graph01 with no command-line parameters. This should use the internal test class named junk discussed earlier to produce the display shown in Figure 4.
Once you have the display on your screen, make changes to the plotting parameters in the text fields at the bottom and press the button labeled Graph. When you do, you should see the same functions being re-plotted with different plotting parameters.
Once that is successful, copy the code in Listing 37 into a file named Graph01Demo.java. Copy the code in Listing 38 into a file named Dsp002.java.
Compile these two files. Rerun the plotting program named Graph01 providing Graph01Demo as a command-line parameter. Also rerun the plotting program providing Dsp002 as a command-line parameter. This should produce displays similar to Figures 1 and 3.
Remember, however, that you must be running Java version 1.4 or later to successfully compile and execute this program.
Summary
I provided two generalized plotting programs in this lesson. One of the programs plots up to five functions in a vertical stack. The other program superimposes the plots for up to five functions on the same Cartesian coordinate system.
Each of these programs is capable of plotting the data produced by any object that implements a simple interface named GraphIntfc01.
I explained the interface named GraphIntfc01. I also explained how you can define classes of your own that implement the interface making them suitable for being plotted using either of the plotting programs.
I also provided two different sample classes that implement the interface for you to use as models as you come up to speed in defining your own classes.
Complete Program Listings
/* File Graph01Demo.java
Copyright 2002, R.G.Baldwin
This class is used to demonstrate how
to write data-generator classes that
will operate successfully with the
program named Graph01.
Tested using JDK 1.4.0 under Win 2000.
**************************************/
class Graph01Demo
implements GraphIntfc01{
public int getNmbr(){
//Return number of functions to
// process. Must not exceed 5.
return 5;
}//end getNmbr
public double f1(double x){
//This is a simple x-squared
// function with a negative
// sign.
return -(x*x)/200.0;
}//end f1
public double f2(double x){
//This is a simple x-cubed
// function
return -(x*x*x)/200.0;
}//end f2
public double f3(double x){
//This is a simple cosine
// function
return 100*Math.cos(x/10.0);
}//end f3
public double f4(double x){
//This is a simple sine
// function
return 100*Math.sin(x/20.0);
}//end f4
public double f5(double x){
//This is function which
// returns the product of
// the above sine and cosines.
return 100*(Math.sin(x/20.0)
*Math.cos(x/10.0));
}//end f5
}//end sample class Graph01Demo
Listing 37
|
/* File Dsp002.java
Copyright 2002, R.G.Baldwin
Note: This program requires access to
the interface named GraphIntfc01.
This is a sample DSP program whose
output is designed to be plotted
by the programs named Graph01 and
Graph02. This requires that the
class implement GraphIntfc01. It
also requires a noarg constructor.
This program applies a narrow-band
convolution filter to white noise, and
then computes the amplitude spectrum of
the filtered result using a simple
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
algorithm. The spectrum of the white
noise is also computed.
The program convolves a 33-point
sinusoidal convolution filter with
wide-band noise, and then computes the
amplitude spectrum of the raw data and
the filtered result. The processing
occurs when an object of the class is
instantiated.
The input noise, the filter, the
filtered output, and the two spectra
are deposited in five arrays for
later retrieval and display.
The input noise, the filter, the
filtered output, the spectrum of the
noise, and the spectrum of the filtered
result are returned by the methods
named f1, f2, f3, f4, and f5
respectively.
The output values that are returned
are scaled for appropriate display in
the plotting areas provided by the
program named Graph01.
Tested using JDK 1.4.0 under Win 2000.
**************************************/
import java.util.*;
class Dsp002 implements GraphIntfc01{
//Establish data and spectrum
// lengths.
int operatorLen = 33;
int dataLen = 256+operatorLen;
int outputLen =
dataLen - operatorLen;
int spectrumPts = outputLen;
//Create arrays for the data and
// the results.
double[] data = new double[dataLen];
double[] operator =
new double[operatorLen];
double[] output =
new double[outputLen];
double[] spectrumA =
new double[spectrumPts];
double[] spectrumB =
new double[spectrumPts];
public Dsp002(){//constructor
//Generate and save some wide-band
// random noise. Seed with a
// different value each time the
// object is constructed.
Random generator = new Random(
new Date().getTime());
for(int cnt=0;cnt < data.length;
cnt++){
//Get data, scale it, remove the
// dc offset, and save it.
data[cnt] = 100*generator.
nextDouble()-50;
}//end for loop
//Create a convolution operator and
// save it in the array.
for(int cnt = 0; cnt < operatorLen;
cnt++){
//Note, the value of the
// denominator in the argument
// to the cos method specifies
// the frequency relative to the
// sampling frequency.
operator[cnt] = Math.cos(
cnt*2*Math.PI/4);
}//end for loop
//Apply the operator to the data
Convolve01.convolve(data,dataLen,
operator,operatorLen,output);
//Compute DFT of the raw data and
// save it in spectrumA array.
Dft01.dft(data,spectrumPts,
spectrumA);
//Compute DFT of the filtered data
// and save it in spectrumB array.
Dft01.dft(output,spectrumPts,
spectrumB);
//All of the data has now been
// produced and saved. It may be
// retrieved by invoking the
// following methods named f1
// through f5.
}//end constructor
//---------------------------------//
//The following six methods are
// required by the interface named
// GraphIntfc01.
public int getNmbr(){
//Return number of functions to
// process. Must not exceed 5.
return 5;
}//end getNmbr
//---------------------------------//
public double f1(double x){
int index = (int)Math.round(x);
//This version of this method
// returns the random noise data.
// Be careful to stay within the
// array bounds.
if(index < 0 ||
index > data.length-1){
return 0;
}else{
return data[index];
}//end else
}//end f1
//---------------------------------//
public double f2(double x){
//Return the convolution operator
int index = (int)Math.round(x);
if(index < 0 ||
index > operator.length-1){
return 0;
}else{
//Scale for good visibility in
// the plot
return operator[index] * 50;
}//end else
}//end f2
//---------------------------------//
public double f3(double x){
//Return filtered output
int index = (int)Math.round(x);
if(index < 0 ||
index > output.length-1){
return 0;
}else{
//Scale to approx same p-p as
// input data
return output[index]/6;
}//end else
}//end f3
//---------------------------------//
public double f4(double x){
//Return spectrum of raw data
int index = (int)Math.round(x);
if(index < 0 ||
index > spectrumA.length-1){
return 0;
}else{
//Scale for good visibility in
// the plot.
return spectrumA[index]/10;
}//end else
}//end f4
//---------------------------------//
public double f5(double x){
//Return the spectrum of the
// filtered data.
int index = (int)Math.round(x);
if(index < 0 ||
index > spectrumB.length-1){
return 0;
}else{
//Scale for good visibility in
// the plot.
return spectrumB[index]/100;
}//end else
}//end f5
}//end sample class Dsp002
//===================================//
//This class provides a static method
// named convolve, which applies an
// incoming convolution operator to
// an incoming set of data and deposits
// the filtered data in an output
// array whose reference is received
// as an incoming parameter.
//This class could easily be broken out
// and put in a library as a stand-
// alone class, or the convolve method
// could be added to a class containing
// a variety of DSP methods.
class Convolve01{
public static void convolve(
double[] data,
int dataLen,
double[] operator,
int operatorLen,
double[] output){
//Apply the operator to the data,
// dealing with the index
// reversal required by
// convolution.
for(int i=0;
i < dataLen-operatorLen;i++){
output[i] = 0;
for(int j=operatorLen-1;j>=0;
j--){
output[i] +=
data[i+j]*operator[j];
}//end inner loop
}//end outer loop
}//end convolve method
}//end Class Convolve01
//===================================//
//This class provides a static method
// named dft, which computes and
// returns the amplitude spectrum of
// an incoming time series. The
// amplitude spectrum is computed as
// the square root of the sum of the
// squares of the real and imaginary
// parts.
//Returns a number of points in the
// frequency domain equal to the number
// of samples in the incoming time
// series. Deposits the frequency
// data in an array whose reference is
// received as an incoming parameter.
//This class could easily be broken out
// and put in a library as a stand-
// alone class, or the dft method
// could be added to a class containing
// a variety of DSP methods.
class Dft01{
public static void dft(
double[] data,
int dataLen,
double[] spectrum){
//Set the frequency increment to
// the reciprocal of the data
// length. This is convenience
// only, and is not a requirement
// of the DFT algorithm.
double delF = 1.0/dataLen;
//Outer loop iterates on frequency
// values.
for(int i=0; i < dataLen;i++){
double freq = i*delF;
double real = 0;
double imag = 0;
//Inner loop iterates on time-
// series points.
for(int j=0; j < dataLen; j++){
real += data[j]*Math.cos(
2*Math.PI*freq*j);
imag += data[j]*Math.sin(
2*Math.PI*freq*j);
spectrum[i] = Math.sqrt(
real*real + imag*imag);
}//end inner loop
}//end outer loop
}//end dft
}//end Dft01
Listing 38
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/* File Graph01.java
Copyright 2002, R.G.Baldwin
Note: This program requires access to
the interface named GraphIntfc01.
This is a plotting program. It is
designed to access a class file, which
implements GraphIntfc01, and to plot up
to five functions defined in that class
file. The plotting surface is divided
into the required number of equally
sized plotting areas, and one function
is plotted on Cartesian coordinates in
each area.
The methods corresponding to the
functions are named f1, f2, f3, f4,
and f5.
The class containing the functions must
also define a static method named
getNmbr(), which takes no parameters
and returns the number of functions to
be plotted. If this method returns a
value greater than 5, a
NoSuchMethodException will be thrown.
Note that the constructor for the class
that implements GraphIntfc01 must not
require any parameters due to the
use of the newInstance method of the
Class class to instantiate an object
of that class.
If the number of functions is less
than 5, then the absent method names
must begin with f5 and work down toward
f1. For example, if the number of
functions is 3, then the program will
expect to call methods named f1, f2,
and f3. It is OK for the absent
methods to be defined in the class.
They simply won't be invoked.
The plotting areas have alternating
white and gray backgrounds to make them
easy to separate visually.
All curves are plotted in black. A
Cartesian coordinate system with axes,
tic marks, and labels is drawn in red
in each plotting area.
The Cartesian coordinate system in each
plotting area has the same horizontal
and vertical scale, as well as the
same tic marks and labels on the axes.
The labels displayed on the axes,
correspond to the values of the extreme
edges of the plotting area.
The program also compiles a sample
class named junk, which contains five
methods and the method named getNmbr.
This makes it easy to compile and test
this program in a stand-alone mode.
At runtime, the name of the class that
implements the GraphIntfc01 interface
must be provided as a command-line
parameter. If this parameter is
missing, the program instantiates an
object from the internal class named
junk and plots the data provided by
that class. Thus, you can test the
program by running it with no
command-line parameter.
This program provides the following
text fields for user input, along with
a button labeled Graph. This allows
the user to adjust the parameters and
replot the graph as many times with as
many plotting scales as needed:
xMin = minimum x-axis value
xMax = maximum x-axis value
yMin = minimum y-axis value
yMax = maximum y-axis value
xTicInt = tic interval on x-axis
yTicInt = tic interval on y-axis
xCalcInc = calculation interval
The user can modify any of these
parameters and then click the Graph
button to cause the five functions
to be re-plotted according to the
new parameters.
Whenever the Graph button is clicked,
the event handler instantiates a new
object of the class that implements
the GraphIntfc01 interface. Depending
on the nature of that class, this may
be redundant in some cases. However,
it is useful in those cases where it
is necessary to refresh the values of
instance variables defined in the
class (such as a counter, for example).
Tested using JDK 1.4.0 under Win 2000.
This program uses constants that were
first defined in the Color class of
v1.4.0. Therefore, the program
requires v1.4.0 or later to compile and
run correctly.
**************************************/
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.*;
class Graph01{
public static void main(
String[] args)
throws NoSuchMethodException,
ClassNotFoundException,
InstantiationException,
IllegalAccessException{
if(args.length == 1){
//pass command-line parameter
new GUI(args[0]);
}else{
//no command-line parameter given
new GUI(null);
}//end else
}// end main
}//end class Graph01 definition
//===================================//
class GUI extends JFrame
implements ActionListener{
//Define plotting parameters and
// their default values.
double xMin = -10.0;
double xMax = 256.0;
double yMin = -100.0;
double yMax = 100.0;
//Tic mark intervals
double xTicInt = 16.0;
double yTicInt = 20.0;
//Tic mark lengths. If too small
// on x-axis, a default value is
// used later.
double xTicLen = (yMax-yMin)/50;
double yTicLen = (xMax-xMin)/50;
//Calculation interval along x-axis
double xCalcInc = 1.0;
//Text fields for plotting parameters
JTextField xMinTxt =
new JTextField("" + xMin);
JTextField xMaxTxt =
new JTextField("" + xMax);
JTextField yMinTxt =
new JTextField("" + yMin);
JTextField yMaxTxt =
new JTextField("" + yMax);
JTextField xTicIntTxt =
new JTextField("" + xTicInt);
JTextField yTicIntTxt =
new JTextField("" + yTicInt);
JTextField xCalcIncTxt =
new JTextField("" + xCalcInc);
//Panels to contain a label and a
// text field
JPanel pan0 = new JPanel();
JPanel pan1 = new JPanel();
JPanel pan2 = new JPanel();
JPanel pan3 = new JPanel();
JPanel pan4 = new JPanel();
JPanel pan5 = new JPanel();
JPanel pan6 = new JPanel();
//Misc instance variables
int frmWidth = 400;
int frmHeight = 430;
int width;
int height;
int number;
GraphIntfc01 data;
String args = null;
//Plots are drawn on the canvases
// in this array.
Canvas[] canvases;
//Constructor
GUI(String args)throws
NoSuchMethodException,
ClassNotFoundException,
InstantiationException,
IllegalAccessException{
if(args != null){
//Save for use later in the
// ActionEvent handler
this.args = args;
//Instantiate an object of the
// target class using the String
// name of the class.
data = (GraphIntfc01)
Class.forName(args).
newInstance();
}else{
//Instantiate an object of the
// test class named junk.
data = new junk();
}//end else
//Create array to hold correct
// number of Canvas objects.
canvases =
new Canvas[data.getNmbr()];
//Throw exception if number of
// functions is greater than 5.
number = data.getNmbr();
if(number > 5){
throw new NoSuchMethodException(
"Too many functions. "
+ "Only 5 allowed.");
}//end if
//Create the control panel and
// give it a border for cosmetics.
JPanel ctlPnl = new JPanel();
ctlPnl.setLayout(//?rows x 4 cols
new GridLayout(0,4));
ctlPnl.setBorder(
new EtchedBorder());
//Button for replotting the graph
JButton graphBtn =
new JButton("Graph");
graphBtn.addActionListener(this);
//Populate each panel with a label
// and a text field. Will place
// these panels in a grid on the
// control panel later.
pan0.add(new JLabel("xMin"));
pan0.add(xMinTxt);
pan1.add(new JLabel("xMax"));
pan1.add(xMaxTxt);
pan2.add(new JLabel("yMin"));
pan2.add(yMinTxt);
pan3.add(new JLabel("yMax"));
pan3.add(yMaxTxt);
pan4.add(new JLabel("xTicInt"));
pan4.add(xTicIntTxt);
pan5.add(new JLabel("yTicInt"));
pan5.add(yTicIntTxt);
pan6.add(new JLabel("xCalcInc"));
pan6.add(xCalcIncTxt);
//Add the populated panels and the
// button to the control panel with
// a grid layout.
ctlPnl.add(pan0);
ctlPnl.add(pan1);
ctlPnl.add(pan2);
ctlPnl.add(pan3);
ctlPnl.add(pan4);
ctlPnl.add(pan5);
ctlPnl.add(pan6);
ctlPnl.add(graphBtn);
//Create a panel to contain the
// Canvas objects. They will be
// displayed in a one-column grid.
JPanel canvasPanel = new JPanel();
canvasPanel.setLayout(//?rows,1 col
new GridLayout(0,1));
//Create a custom Canvas object for
// each function to be plotted and
// add them to the one-column grid.
// Make background colors alternate
// between white and gray.
for(int cnt = 0;
cnt < number; cnt++){
switch(cnt){
case 0 :
canvases[cnt] =
new MyCanvas(cnt);
canvases[cnt].setBackground(
Color.WHITE);
break;
case 1 :
canvases[cnt] =
new MyCanvas(cnt);
canvases[cnt].setBackground(
Color.LIGHT_GRAY);
break;
case 2 :
canvases[cnt] =
new MyCanvas(cnt);
canvases[cnt].setBackground(
Color.WHITE);
break;
case 3 :
canvases[cnt] =
new MyCanvas(cnt);
canvases[cnt].setBackground(
Color.LIGHT_GRAY);
break;
case 4 :
canvases[cnt] =
new MyCanvas(cnt);
canvases[cnt].
setBackground(Color.WHITE);
}//end switch
//Add the object to the grid.
canvasPanel.add(canvases[cnt]);
}//end for loop
//Add the sub-assemblies to the
// frame. Set its location, size,
// and title, and make it visible.
getContentPane().
add(ctlPnl,"South");
getContentPane().
add(canvasPanel,"Center");
setBounds(0,0,frmWidth,frmHeight);
setTitle("Graph01, " +
"Copyright 2002, " +
"Richard G. Baldwin");
setVisible(true);
//Set to exit on X-button click
setDefaultCloseOperation(
EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
//Get and save the size of the
// plotting surface
width = canvases[0].getWidth();
height = canvases[0].getHeight();
//Guarantee a repaint on startup.
for(int cnt = 0;
cnt < number; cnt++){
canvases[cnt].repaint();
}//end for loop
}//end constructor
//---------------------------------//
//This event handler is registered
// on the JButton to cause the
// functions to be replotted.
public void actionPerformed(
ActionEvent evt){
//Re-instantiate the object that
// provides the data
try{
if(args != null){
data = (GraphIntfc01)Class.
forName(args).newInstance();
}else{
data = new junk();
}//end else
}catch(Exception e){
//Known to be safe at this point.
// Otherwise would have aborted
// earlier.
}//end catch
//Set plotting parameters using
// data from the text fields.
xMin = Double.parseDouble(
xMinTxt.getText());
xMax = Double.parseDouble(
xMaxTxt.getText());
yMin = Double.parseDouble(
yMinTxt.getText());
yMax = Double.parseDouble(
yMaxTxt.getText());
xTicInt = Double.parseDouble(
xTicIntTxt.getText());
yTicInt = Double.parseDouble(
yTicIntTxt.getText());
xCalcInc = Double.parseDouble(
xCalcIncTxt.getText());
//Calculate new values for the
// length of the tic marks on the
// axes. If too small on x-axis,
// a default value is used later.
xTicLen = (yMax-yMin)/50;
yTicLen = (xMax-xMin)/50;
//Repaint the plotting areas
for(int cnt = 0;
cnt < number; cnt++){
canvases[cnt].repaint();
}//end for loop
}//end actionPerformed
//---------------------------------//
//This is an inner class, which is used
// to override the paint method on the
// plotting surface.
class MyCanvas extends Canvas{
int cnt;//object number
//Factors to convert from double
// values to integer pixel locations.
double xScale;
double yScale;
MyCanvas(int cnt){//save obj number
this.cnt = cnt;
}//end constructor
//Override the paint method
public void paint(Graphics g){
//Calculate the scale factors
xScale = width/(xMax-xMin);
yScale = height/(yMax-yMin);
//Set the origin based on the
// minimum values in x and y
g.translate((int)((0-xMin)*xScale),
(int)((0-yMin)*yScale));
drawAxes(g);//Draw the axes
g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
//Get initial data values
double xVal = xMin;
int oldX = getTheX(xVal);
int oldY = 0;
//Use the Canvas obj number to
// determine which method to
// invoke to get the value for y.
switch(cnt){
case 0 :
oldY = getTheY(data.f1(xVal));
break;
case 1 :
oldY = getTheY(data.f2(xVal));
break;
case 2 :
oldY = getTheY(data.f3(xVal));
break;
case 3 :
oldY = getTheY(data.f4(xVal));
break;
case 4 :
oldY = getTheY(data.f5(xVal));
}//end switch
//Now loop and plot the points
while(xVal < xMax){
int yVal = 0;
//Get next data value. Use the
// Canvas obj number to
// determine which method to
// invoke to get the value for y.
switch(cnt){
case 0 :
yVal =
getTheY(data.f1(xVal));
break;
case 1 :
yVal =
getTheY(data.f2(xVal));
break;
case 2 :
yVal =
getTheY(data.f3(xVal));
break;
case 3 :
yVal =
getTheY(data.f4(xVal));
break;
case 4 :
yVal =
getTheY(data.f5(xVal));
}//end switch1
//Convert the x-value to an int
// and draw the next line segment
int x = getTheX(xVal);
g.drawLine(oldX,oldY,x,yVal);
//Increment along the x-axis
xVal += xCalcInc;
//Save end point to use as start
// point for next line segment.
oldX = x;
oldY = yVal;
}//end while loop
}//end overridden paint method
//---------------------------------//
//Method to draw axes with tic marks
// and labels in the color RED
void drawAxes(Graphics g){
g.setColor(Color.RED);
//Label left x-axis and bottom
// y-axis. These are the easy
// ones. Separate the labels from
// the ends of the tic marks by
// two pixels.
g.drawString("" + (int)xMin,
getTheX(xMin),
getTheY(xTicLen/2)-2);
g.drawString("" + (int)yMin,
getTheX(yTicLen/2)+2,
getTheY(yMin));
//Label the right x-axis and the
// top y-axis. These are the hard
// ones because the position must
// be adjusted by the font size and
// the number of characters.
//Get the width of the string for
// right end of x-axis and the
// height of the string for top of
// y-axis
//Create a string that is an
// integer representation of the
// label for the right end of the
// x-axis. Then get a character
// array that represents the
// string.
int xMaxInt = (int)xMax;
String xMaxStr = "" + xMaxInt;
char[] array = xMaxStr.
toCharArray();
//Get a FontMetrics object that can
// be used to get the size of the
// string in pixels.
FontMetrics fontMetrics =
g.getFontMetrics();
//Get a bounding rectangle for the
// string
Rectangle2D r2d =
fontMetrics.getStringBounds(
array,0,array.length,g);
//Get the width and the height of
// the bounding rectangle. The
// width is the width of the label
// at the right end of the
// x-axis. The height applies to
// all the labels, but is needed
// specifically for the label at
// the top end of the y-axis.
int labWidth =
(int)(r2d.getWidth());
int labHeight =
(int)(r2d.getHeight());
//Label the positive x-axis and the
// positive y-axis using the width
// and height from above to
// position the labels. These
// labels apply to the very ends of
// the axes at the edge of the
// plotting surface.
g.drawString("" + (int)xMax,
getTheX(xMax)-labWidth,
getTheY(xTicLen/2)-2);
g.drawString("" + (int)yMax,
getTheX(yTicLen/2)+2,
getTheY(yMax)+labHeight);
//Draw the axes
g.drawLine(getTheX(xMin),
getTheY(0.0),
getTheX(xMax),
getTheY(0.0));
g.drawLine(getTheX(0.0),
getTheY(yMin),
getTheX(0.0),
getTheY(yMax));
//Draw the tic marks on axes
xTics(g);
yTics(g);
}//end drawAxes
//---------------------------------//
//Method to draw tic marks on x-axis
void xTics(Graphics g){
double xDoub = 0;
int x = 0;
//Get the ends of the tic marks.
int topEnd = getTheY(xTicLen/2);
int bottomEnd =
getTheY(-xTicLen/2);
//If the vertical size of the
// plotting area is small, the
// calculated tic size may be too
// small. In that case, set it to
// 10 pixels.
if(topEnd < 5){
topEnd = 5;
bottomEnd = -5;
}//end if
//Loop and draw a series of short
// lines to serve as tic marks.
// Begin with the positive x-axis
// moving to the right from zero.
while(xDoub < xMax){
x = getTheX(xDoub);
g.drawLine(x,topEnd,x,bottomEnd);
xDoub += xTicInt;
}//end while
//Now do the negative x-axis moving
// to the left from zero
xDoub = 0;
while(xDoub > xMin){
x = getTheX(xDoub);
g.drawLine(x,topEnd,x,bottomEnd);
xDoub -= xTicInt;
}//end while
}//end xTics
//---------------------------------//
//Method to draw tic marks on y-axis
void yTics(Graphics g){
double yDoub = 0;
int y = 0;
int rightEnd = getTheX(yTicLen/2);
int leftEnd = getTheX(-yTicLen/2);
//Loop and draw a series of short
// lines to serve as tic marks.
// Begin with the positive y-axis
// moving up from zero.
while(yDoub < yMax){
y = getTheY(yDoub);
g.drawLine(rightEnd,y,leftEnd,y);
yDoub += yTicInt;
}//end while
//Now do the negative y-axis moving
// down from zero.
yDoub = 0;
while(yDoub > yMin){
y = getTheY(yDoub);
g.drawLine(rightEnd,y,leftEnd,y);
yDoub -= yTicInt;
}//end while
}//end yTics
//---------------------------------//
//This method translates and scales
// a double y value to plot properly
// in the integer coordinate system.
// In addition to scaling, it causes
// the positive direction of the
// y-axis to be from bottom to top.
int getTheY(double y){
double yDoub = (yMax+yMin)-y;
int yInt = (int)(yDoub*yScale);
return yInt;
}//end getTheY
//---------------------------------//
//This method scales a double x value
// to plot properly in the integer
// coordinate system.
int getTheX(double x){
return (int)(x*xScale);
}//end getTheX
//---------------------------------//
}//end inner class MyCanvas
//===================================//
}//end class GUI
//===================================//
//Sample test class. Required for
// compilation and stand-alone
// testing.
class junk implements GraphIntfc01{
public int getNmbr(){
//Return number of functions to
// process. Must not exceed 5.
return 4;
}//end getNmbr
public double f1(double x){
return (x*x*x)/200.0;
}//end f1
public double f2(double x){
return -(x*x*x)/200.0;
}//end f2
public double f3(double x){
return (x*x)/200.0;
}//end f3
public double f4(double x){
return 50*Math.cos(x/10.0);
}//end f4
public double f5(double x){
return 100*Math.sin(x/20.0);
}//end f5
}//end sample class junk
Listing 39
|
/* File Graph02.java
Copyright 2002, R.G.Baldwin
Note: This program requires access to
the interface named GraphIntfc01.
This is a modified version of the
program named Graph01. That program
plots up to five separate curves in
separate plotting areas. This program
superimposes up to five separate curves
in different colors in the same
plotting area.
This is a plotting program. It is
designed to access a class file, which
implements GraphIntfc01, and to plot up
to five functions defined in that class
file.
The methods corresponding to the
functions are named f1, f2, f3, f4,
and f5.
The class containing the functions must
also define a static method named
getNmbr(), which takes no parameters
and returns the number of functions to
be plotted. If this method returns a
value greater than 5, a
NoSuchMethodException will be thrown.
Note that the constructor for the class
that implements GraphIntfc01 must not
require any parameters due to the
use of the newInstance method of the
Class class to instantiate an object
of that class.
If the number of functions is less
than 5, then the absent method names
must begin with f5 and work down toward
f1. For example, if the number of
functions is 3, then the program will
expect to call methods named f1, f2,
and f3. It is OK for the absent
methods to be defined in the class.
They simply won't be invoked.
Each curve is plotted in a different
color. The correspondence between
colors and function calls is as
follows:
f1: BLACK
f2: BLUE
f3: RED
f4: MAGENTA
f5: CYAN
A Cartesian coordinate system with
axes, tic marks, and labels is drawn in
green.
The labels displayed on the axes,
correspond to the values of the extreme
edges of the plotting area.
The program also compiles a sample
class named junk, which contains five
methods and the method named getNmbr.
This makes it easy to compile and test
this program in a stand-alone mode.
At runtime, the name of the class that
implements the GraphIntfc01 interface
must be provided as a command-line
parameter. If this parameter is
missing, the program instantiates an
object from the internal class named
junk and plots the data provided by
that class. Thus, you can test the
program by running it with no
command-line parameter.
This program provides the following
text fields for user input, along with
a button labeled Graph. This allows
the user to adjust the parameters and
replot the graph as many times with as
many plotting scales as needed:
xMin = minimum x-axis value
xMax = maximum x-axis value
yMin = minimum y-axis value
yMax = maximum y-axis value
xTicInt = tic interval on x-axis
yTicInt = tic interval on y-axis
xCalcInc = calculation interval
The user can modify any of these
parameters and then click the Graph
button to cause the five functions
to be re-plotted according to the
new parameters.
Whenever the Graph button is clicked,
the event handler instantiates a new
object of the class that implements
the GraphIntfc01 interface. Depending
on the nature of that class, this may
be redundant in some cases. However,
it is useful in those cases where it
is necessary to refresh the values of
instance variables defined in the
class (such as a counter, for example).
Tested using JDK 1.4.0 under Win 2000.
This program uses constants that were
first defined in the Color class of
v1.4.0. Therefore, the program
requires v1.4.0 or later to compile and
run correctly.
**************************************/
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.*;
class Graph02{
public static void main(
String[] args)
throws NoSuchMethodException,
ClassNotFoundException,
InstantiationException,
IllegalAccessException{
if(args.length == 1){
//pass command-line parameter
new GUI(args[0]);
}else{
//no command-line parameter given
new GUI(null);
}//end else
}// end main
}//end class Graph02 definition
//===================================//
class GUI extends JFrame
implements ActionListener{
//Define plotting parameters and
// their default values.
double xMin = -10.0;
double xMax = 325.0;
double yMin = -100.0;
double yMax = 100.0;
//Tic mark intervals
double xTicInt = 20.0;
double yTicInt = 20.0;
//Tic mark lengths. If too small
// on x-axis, a default value is
// used later.
double xTicLen = (yMax-yMin)/50;
double yTicLen = (xMax-xMin)/50;
//Calculation interval along x-axis
double xCalcInc = 1.0;
//Text fields for plotting parameters
JTextField xMinTxt =
new JTextField("" + xMin);
JTextField xMaxTxt =
new JTextField("" + xMax);
JTextField yMinTxt =
new JTextField("" + yMin);
JTextField yMaxTxt =
new JTextField("" + yMax);
JTextField xTicIntTxt =
new JTextField("" + xTicInt);
JTextField yTicIntTxt =
new JTextField("" + yTicInt);
JTextField xCalcIncTxt =
new JTextField("" + xCalcInc);
//Panels to contain a label and a
// text field
JPanel pan0 = new JPanel();
JPanel pan1 = new JPanel();
JPanel pan2 = new JPanel();
JPanel pan3 = new JPanel();
JPanel pan4 = new JPanel();
JPanel pan5 = new JPanel();
JPanel pan6 = new JPanel();
//Misc instance variables
int frmWidth = 400;
int frmHeight = 430;
int width;
int height;
int number;
GraphIntfc01 data;
String args = null;
//Plots are drawn on theCanvas
Canvas theCanvas;
//Constructor
GUI(String args)throws
NoSuchMethodException,
ClassNotFoundException,
InstantiationException,
IllegalAccessException{
if(args != null){
//Save for use later in the
// ActionEvent handler
this.args = args;
//Instantiate an object of the
// target class using the String
// name of the class.
data = (GraphIntfc01)
Class.forName(args).
newInstance();
}else{
//Instantiate an object of the
// test class named junk.
data = new junk();
}//end else
//Throw exception if number of
// functions is greater than 5.
number = data.getNmbr();
if(number > 5){
throw new NoSuchMethodException(
"Too many functions. "
+ "Only 5 allowed.");
}//end if
//Create the control panel and
// give it a border for cosmetics.
JPanel ctlPnl = new JPanel();
ctlPnl.setLayout(//?rows x 4 cols
new GridLayout(0,4));
ctlPnl.setBorder(
new EtchedBorder());
//Button for replotting the graph
JButton graphBtn =
new JButton("Graph");
graphBtn.addActionListener(this);
//Populate each panel with a label
// and a text field. Will place
// these panels in a grid on the
// control panel later.
pan0.add(new JLabel("xMin"));
pan0.add(xMinTxt);
pan1.add(new JLabel("xMax"));
pan1.add(xMaxTxt);
pan2.add(new JLabel("yMin"));
pan2.add(yMinTxt);
pan3.add(new JLabel("yMax"));
pan3.add(yMaxTxt);
pan4.add(new JLabel("xTicInt"));
pan4.add(xTicIntTxt);
pan5.add(new JLabel("yTicInt"));
pan5.add(yTicIntTxt);
pan6.add(new JLabel("xCalcInc"));
pan6.add(xCalcIncTxt);
//Add the populated panels and the
// button to the control panel with
// a grid layout.
ctlPnl.add(pan0);
ctlPnl.add(pan1);
ctlPnl.add(pan2);
ctlPnl.add(pan3);
ctlPnl.add(pan4);
ctlPnl.add(pan5);
ctlPnl.add(pan6);
ctlPnl.add(graphBtn);
//Create a custom Canvas object for
// all functions to be plotted on.
theCanvas = new MyCanvas();
theCanvas.setBackground(
Color.WHITE);
//Add the sub-assemblies to the
// frame. Set its location, size,
// and title, and make it visible.
getContentPane().add(
ctlPnl,"South");
getContentPane().add(
theCanvas,"Center");
setBounds(0,0,frmWidth,frmHeight);
setTitle("Graph02, " +
"Copyright 2002, " +
"Richard G. Baldwin");
setVisible(true);
//Set to exit on X-button click
setDefaultCloseOperation(
EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
//Get and save the size of the
// plotting surface
width = theCanvas.getWidth();
height = theCanvas.getHeight();
//Guarantee a repaint on startup.
theCanvas.repaint();
}//end constructor
//---------------------------------//
//This event handler is registered
// on the JButton to cause the
// functions to be replotted.
public void actionPerformed(
ActionEvent evt){
//Re-instantiate the object that
// provides the data
try{
if(args != null){
data = (GraphIntfc01)Class.
forName(args).newInstance();
}else{
data = new junk();
}//end else
}catch(Exception e){
//Known to be safe at this point.
// Otherwise would have aborted
// earlier.
}//end catch
//Set plotting parameters using
// data from the text fields.
xMin = Double.parseDouble(
xMinTxt.getText());
xMax = Double.parseDouble(
xMaxTxt.getText());
yMin = Double.parseDouble(
yMinTxt.getText());
yMax = Double.parseDouble(
yMaxTxt.getText());
xTicInt = Double.parseDouble(
xTicIntTxt.getText());
yTicInt = Double.parseDouble(
yTicIntTxt.getText());
xCalcInc = Double.parseDouble(
xCalcIncTxt.getText());
//Calculate new values for the
// length of the tic marks on the
// axes. If too small on x-axis,
// a default value is used later.
xTicLen = (yMax-yMin)/50;
yTicLen = (xMax-xMin)/50;
//Repaint the plotting area
theCanvas.repaint();
}//end actionPerformed
//---------------------------------//
//This is an inner class, which is used
// to override the paint method on the
// plotting surface.
class MyCanvas extends Canvas{
//Factors to convert from double
// values to integer pixel locations.
double xScale;
double yScale;
//Override the paint method
public void paint(Graphics g){
//Calculate the scale factors
xScale = width/(xMax-xMin);
yScale = height/(yMax-yMin);
//Set the origin based on the
// minimum values in x and y
g.translate((int)((0-xMin)*xScale),
(int)((0-yMin)*yScale));
drawAxes(g);//Draw the axes
//Draw each curve in a different
// color.
for(int cnt=0; cnt < number;
cnt++){
//Get initial data values
double xVal = xMin;
int oldX = getTheX(xVal);
int oldY = 0;
//Use the curve number to
// determine which method to
// invoke to get the value for y.
switch(cnt){
case 0 :
oldY= getTheY(data.f1(xVal));
g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
break;
case 1 :
oldY= getTheY(data.f2(xVal));
g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
break;
case 2 :
oldY= getTheY(data.f3(xVal));
g.setColor(Color.RED);
break;
case 3 :
oldY= getTheY(data.f4(xVal));
g.setColor(Color.MAGENTA);
break;
case 4 :
oldY= getTheY(data.f5(xVal));
g.setColor(Color.CYAN);
}//end switch
//Now loop and plot the points
while(xVal < xMax){
int yVal = 0;
//Get next data value. Use the
// curve number to determine
// which method to invoke to
// get the value for y.
switch(cnt){
case 0 :
yVal = getTheY(
data.f1(xVal));
break;
case 1 :
yVal = getTheY(
data.f2(xVal));
break;
case 2 :
yVal = getTheY(
data.f3(xVal));
break;
case 3 :
yVal = getTheY(
data.f4(xVal));
break;
case 4 :
yVal = getTheY(
data.f5(xVal));
}//end switch1
//Convert the x-value to an int
// and draw the next line
// segment
int x = getTheX(xVal);
g.drawLine(oldX,oldY,x,yVal);
//Increment along the x-axis
xVal += xCalcInc;
//Save end point to use as
// start point for next line
// segment.
oldX = x;
oldY = yVal;
}//end while loop
}//end for loop
}//end overridden paint method
//---------------------------------//
//Method to draw axes with tic marks
// and labels in the color GREEN
void drawAxes(Graphics g){
g.setColor(Color.GREEN);
//Label left x-axis and bottom
// y-axis. These are the easy
// ones. Separate the labels from
// the ends of the tic marks by
// two pixels.
g.drawString("" + (int)xMin,
getTheX(xMin),
getTheY(xTicLen/2)-2);
g.drawString("" + (int)yMin,
getTheX(yTicLen/2)+2,
getTheY(yMin));
//Label the right x-axis and the
// top y-axis. These are the hard
// ones because the position must
// be adjusted by the font size and
// the number of characters.
//Get the width of the string for
// right end of x-axis and the
// height of the string for top of
// y-axis
//Create a string that is an
// integer representation of the
// label for the right end of the
// x-axis. Then get a character
// array that represents the
// string.
int xMaxInt = (int)xMax;
String xMaxStr = "" + xMaxInt;
char[] array = xMaxStr.
toCharArray();
//Get a FontMetrics object that can
// be used to get the size of the
// string in pixels.
FontMetrics fontMetrics =
g.getFontMetrics();
//Get a bounding rectangle for the
// string
Rectangle2D r2d =
fontMetrics.getStringBounds(
array,0,array.length,g);
//Get the width and the height of
// the bounding rectangle. The
// width is the width of the label
// at the right end of the
// x-axis. The height applies to
// all the labels, but is needed
// specifically for the label at
// the top end of the y-axis.
int labWidth =
(int)(r2d.getWidth());
int labHeight =
(int)(r2d.getHeight());
//Label the positive x-axis and the
// positive y-axis using the width
// and height from above to
// position the labels. These
// labels apply to the very ends of
// the axes at the edge of the
// plotting surface.
g.drawString("" + (int)xMax,
getTheX(xMax)-labWidth,
getTheY(xTicLen/2)-2);
g.drawString("" + (int)yMax,
getTheX(yTicLen/2)+2,
getTheY(yMax)+labHeight);
//Draw the axes
g.drawLine(getTheX(xMin),
getTheY(0.0),
getTheX(xMax),
getTheY(0.0));
g.drawLine(getTheX(0.0),
getTheY(yMin),
getTheX(0.0),
getTheY(yMax));
//Draw the tic marks on axes
xTics(g);
yTics(g);
}//end drawAxes
//---------------------------------//
//Method to draw tic marks on x-axis
void xTics(Graphics g){
double xDoub = 0;
int x = 0;
//Get the ends of the tic marks.
int topEnd = getTheY(xTicLen/2);
int bottomEnd =
getTheY(-xTicLen/2);
//If the vertical size of the
// plotting area is small, the
// calculated tic size may be too
// small. In that case, set it to
// 10 pixels.
if(topEnd < 5){
topEnd = 5;
bottomEnd = -5;
}//end if
//Loop and draw a series of short
// lines to serve as tic marks.
// Begin with the positive x-axis
// moving to the right from zero.
while(xDoub < xMax){
x = getTheX(xDoub);
g.drawLine(x,topEnd,x,bottomEnd);
xDoub += xTicInt;
}//end while
//Now do the negative x-axis moving
// to the left from zero
xDoub = 0;
while(xDoub > xMin){
x = getTheX(xDoub);
g.drawLine(x,topEnd,x,bottomEnd);
xDoub -= xTicInt;
}//end while
}//end xTics
//---------------------------------//
//Method to draw tic marks on y-axis
void yTics(Graphics g){
double yDoub = 0;
int y = 0;
int rightEnd = getTheX(yTicLen/2);
int leftEnd = getTheX(-yTicLen/2);
//Loop and draw a series of short
// lines to serve as tic marks.
// Begin with the positive y-axis
// moving up from zero.
while(yDoub < yMax){
y = getTheY(yDoub);
g.drawLine(rightEnd,y,leftEnd,y);
yDoub += yTicInt;
}//end while
//Now do the negative y-axis moving
// down from zero.
yDoub = 0;
while(yDoub > yMin){
y = getTheY(yDoub);
g.drawLine(rightEnd,y,leftEnd,y);
yDoub -= yTicInt;
}//end while
}//end yTics
//---------------------------------//
//This method translates and scales
// a double y value to plot properly
// in the integer coordinate system.
// In addition to scaling, it causes
// the positive direction of the
// y-axis to be from bottom to top.
int getTheY(double y){
double yDoub = (yMax+yMin)-y;
int yInt = (int)(yDoub*yScale);
return yInt;
}//end getTheY
//---------------------------------//
//This method scales a double x value
// to plot properly in the integer
// coordinate system.
int getTheX(double x){
return (int)(x*xScale);
}//end getTheX
//---------------------------------//
}//end inner class MyCanvas
//===================================//
}//end class GUI
//===================================//
//Sample test class. Required for
// compilation and stand-alone
// testing.
class junk implements GraphIntfc01{
public int getNmbr(){
//Return number of functions to
// process. Must not exceed 5.
return 5;
}//end getNmbr
public double f1(double x){
return (x*x*x)/200.0;
}//end f1
public double f2(double x){
return -(x*x*x)/200.0;
}//end f2
public double f3(double x){
return (x*x)/200.0;
}//end f3
public double f4(double x){
return 50*Math.cos(x/10.0);
}//end f4
public double f5(double x){
return 100*Math.sin(x/20.0);
}//end f5
}//end sample class junk
Listing 40
|
Copyright 2002, Richard G. Baldwin. Reproduction in whole or in part in any form or medium without express written permission from Richard Baldwin is prohibited.
About the author
Richard Baldwin is a college professor (at Austin Community College in Austin, TX) and private consultant whose primary focus is a combination of Java, C#, and XML. In addition to the many platform and/or language independent benefits of Java and C# applications, he believes that a combination of Java, C#, and XML will become the primary driving force in the delivery of structured information on the Web.Richard has participated in numerous consulting projects and he frequently provides onsite training at the high-tech companies located in and around Austin, Texas. He is the author of Baldwin's Programming Tutorials, which has gained a worldwide following among experienced and aspiring programmers. He has also published articles in JavaPro magazine.
Richard holds an MSEE degree from Southern Methodist University and has many years of experience in the application of computer technology to real-world problems.
-end-
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This article was originally published on December 10, 2002