JavaEnterprise JavaJava Advanced Placement Study Guide: Assignment and Arithmetic Operators

Java Advanced Placement Study Guide: Assignment and Arithmetic Operators

Developer.com content and product recommendations are editorially independent. We may make money when you click on links to our partners. Learn More.

Questions


File JavaAP004.htm


Welcome


This is the second lesson in a miniseries of tutorial lessons designed
to help you learn the essential features of Java object-oriented programming
as identified by The College
Board
.

Purpose

The purpose of this miniseries is to help you study for, and successfully
complete, the Advanced Placement Examinations designed by the College Board.

Once you understand everything in this miniseries, plus the material
in the lessons that I published earlier on Java
Data Structures
, you should understand the Java programming features
that the College Board considers essential for the first two semesters
of object-oriented programming education at the university level.

Hopefully, that will help you to take and successfully complete the
Advanced Placement Examinations.

Approach

These lessons provide questions, answers, and explanations designed
to help you to understand the subset
of Java features covered by the Java Advanced Placement Examinations (as
of October, 2001).

Please see the first lesson in the miniseries entitled
Java
Advanced Placement Study Guide: Introduction to the Lessons, Primitive
Types
, for additional background information.

Supplementary material

In addition to the material in these lessons, I recommend that you also
study the other lessons in my extensive collection of online Java tutorials,
which are designed from a more conventional textbook approach.  You
will find those lessons published at
Gamelan.com
However, as of the date of this writing, Gamelan doesn’t maintain a consolidated
index of my Java tutorial lessons, and sometimes they are difficult to
locate there.  You will find a consolidated index at
Baldwin’s
Java Programming Tutorials
.

What is Included?

Click here for a preview of the Java
programming features covered by this lesson.



1.  What output is produced by the following
program?

  • A.  Compiler Error
  • B.  Runtime Error
  • C.  3.0
  • D.  4.0
  • E.  7.0
public class Ap010{
  public static void main(
                        String args[]){
    new Worker().doAsg();
  }//end main()
}//end class definition

class Worker{
  public void doAsg(){
    double myVar;
    myVar = 3.0;
    myVar += 4.0;
    System.out.println(myVar);
  }//end doAsg()
}//end class definition

Answer and Explanation

2.  What output is produced by the following program?

  • A.  Compiler Error
  • B.  Runtime Error
  • C.  2.147483647E9
  • D.  2.14748365E9
public class Ap011{
  public static void main(
                        String args[]){
    new Worker().doAsg();
  }//end main()
}//end class definition

class Worker{
  public void doAsg(){
    double myDoubleVar;
    //Integer.MAX_VALUE = 2147483647
    int myIntVar = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
    myDoubleVar = myIntVar;
    System.out.println(myDoubleVar);
  }//end doAsg()
}//end class definition

Answer and Explanation

3.  What output is produced by the following program?

  • A.  Compiler Error
  • B.  Runtime Error
  • C.  2147483647
  • D.  2.147483647E9
public class Ap012{
  public static void main(
                        String args[]){
    new Worker().doAsg();
  }//end main()
}//end class definition

class Worker{
  public void doAsg(){
    //Integer.MAX_VALUE = 2147483647
    double myDoubleVar = 
                    Integer.MAX_VALUE;
    int myIntVar;
    myIntVar = myDoubleVar;
    System.out.println(myIntVar);
  }//end doAsg()
}//end class definition

Answer and Explanation

4.  What output is produced by the following program?

  • A.  Compiler Error
  • B.  Runtime Error
  • C.  2147483647
  • D.  2.147483647E9
public class Ap013{
  public static void main(
                        String args[]){
    new Worker().doAsg();
  }//end main()
}//end class definition

class Worker{
  public void doAsg(){
    //Integer.MAX_VALUE = 2147483647
    double myDoubleVar = 
                    Integer.MAX_VALUE;
    int myIntVar;
    myIntVar = (int)myDoubleVar;
    System.out.println(myIntVar);
  }//end doAsg()
}//end class definition

Answer and Explanation

5.  What output is produced by the following program?

  • A.  Compiler Error
  • B.  Runtime Error
  • C.  4.294967294E9
  • D.  4294967294
public class Ap014{
  public static void main(
                        String args[]){
    new Worker().doMixed();
  }//end main()
}//end class definition

class Worker{
  public void doMixed(){
    //Integer.MAX_VALUE = 2147483647
    int myIntVar = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
    System.out.println(2.0 * myIntVar);
  }//end doMixed()
}//end class definition

Answer and Explanation

6.  What output is produced by the following program?

  • A.  Compiler Error
  • B.  Runtime Error
  • C.  2147483649
  • D.  -2147483647
public class Ap015{
  public static void main(
                        String args[]){
    new Worker().doMixed();
  }//end main()
}//end class definition

class Worker{
  public void doMixed(){
    //Integer.MAX_VALUE = 2147483647
    int myVar01 = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
    int myVar02 = 2;
    System.out.println(
                    myVar01 + myVar02);
  }//end doMixed()
}//end class definition

Answer and Explanation

7.  What output is produced by the following program?

  • A.  Compiler Error
  • B.  Runtime Error
  • C.  33.666666
  • D.  34
  • E.  33
public class Ap016{
  public static void main(
                        String args[]){
    new Worker().doMixed();
  }//end main()
}//end class definition

class Worker{
  public void doMixed(){
    int myVar01 = 101;
    int myVar02 = 3;
    System.out.println(
                      myVar01/myVar02);
  }//end doMixed()
}//end class definition

Answer and Explanation

8.  What output is produced by the following program?

  • A.  Compiler Error
  • B.  Runtime Error
  • C.  Infinity
  • D.  11
public class Ap017{
  public static void main(
                        String args[]){
    new Worker().doMixed();
  }//end main()
}//end class definition

class Worker{
  public void doMixed(){
    int myVar01 = 11;
    int myVar02 = 0;
    System.out.println(
                      myVar01/myVar02);
  }//end doMixed()
}//end class definition

Answer and Explanation

9.  What output is produced by the following program?

  • A.  Compiler Error
  • B.  Runtime Error
  • C.  Infinity
  • D.  11
public class Ap018{
  public static void main(
                        String args[]){
    new Worker().doMixed();
  }//end main()
}//end class definition

class Worker{
  public void doMixed(){
    double myVar01 = 11;
    double myVar02 = 0;
    System.out.println(
                      myVar01/myVar02);
  }//end doMixed()
}//end class definition

Answer and Explanation

10.  What output is produced by the following
program?

  • A.  Compiler Error
  • B.  Runtime Error
  • C.  2
  • D.  -2
public class Ap019{
  public static void main(
                        String args[]){
    new Worker().doMod();
  }//end main()
}//end class definition

class Worker{
  public void doMod(){
    int myVar01 = -11;
    int myVar02 = 3;
    System.out.println(
                      myVar01%myVar02);
  }//end doMod()
}//end class definition

Answer and Explanation

11.  What output is produced by the following
program?

  • A.  Compiler Error
  • B.  Runtime Error
  • C.  2
  • D.  11
public class Ap020{
  public static void main(
                        String args[]){
    new Worker().doMod();
  }//end main()
}//end class definition

class Worker{
  public void doMod(){
    int myVar01 = -11;
    int myVar02 = 0;
    System.out.println(
                      myVar01%myVar02);
  }//end doMod()
}//end class definition

Answer and Explanation

12.  What output is produced by the following
program?

  • A.  Compiler Error
  • B.  Runtime Error
  • C.  -0.010999999999999996
  • D.  0.010999999999999996
public class Ap021{
  public static void main(
                        String args[]){
    new Worker().doMod();
  }//end main()
}//end class definition

class Worker{
  public void doMod(){
    double myVar01 = -0.11;
    double myVar02 = 0.033;
    System.out.println(
                      myVar01%myVar02);
  }//end doMod()
}//end class definition

Answer and Explanation

13.  What output is produced by the following
program?

  • A.  Compiler Error
  • B.  Runtime Error
  • C.  0.0
  • D.  1.5499999999999996
public class Ap022{
  public static void main(
                        String args[]){
    new Worker().doMod();
  }//end main()
}//end class definition

class Worker{
  public void doMod(){
    double myVar01 = 15.5;
    double myVar02 = 1.55;
    System.out.println(
                      myVar01%myVar02);
  }//end doMod()
}//end class definition

Answer and Explanation

14.  What output is produced by the following
program?

  • A.  Compiler Error
  • B.  Runtime Error
  • C.  Infinity
  • D.  NaN
public class Ap023{
  public static void main(
                        String args[]){
    new Worker().doMod();
  }//end main()
}//end class definition

class Worker{
  public void doMod(){
    double myVar01 = 15.5;
    double myVar02 = 0.0;
    System.out.println(
                      myVar01%myVar02);
  }//end doMod()
}//end class definition

Answer and Explanation

15.  What output is produced by the following
program?

  • A.  Compiler Error
  • B.  Runtime Error
  • C.  -3 2
  • D.  -3 -2
public class Ap024{
  public static void main(
                        String args[]){
    new Worker().doMod();
  }//end main()
}//end class definition

class Worker{
  public void doMod(){
    int x = 11;
    int y = -3;
    System.out.println(
                      x/y + " " + x%y);
  }//end doMod()
}//end class definition

Answer and Explanation

About the author

Richard Baldwin
is a college professor (at Austin Community College in Austin, TX) and
private consultant whose primary focus is a combination of Java and XML.
In addition to the many platform-independent benefits of Java applications,
he believes that a combination of Java and XML will become the primary
driving force in the delivery of structured information on the Web.

Richard has participated in numerous consulting projects involving
Java, XML, or a combination of the two.  He frequently provides onsite
Java and/or XML training at the high-tech companies located in and around
Austin, Texas.  He is the author of Baldwin’s Java Programming Tutorials,
which has gained a worldwide following among experienced and aspiring Java
programmers. He has also published articles on Java Programming in Java
Pro magazine.

Richard holds an MSEE degree from Southern Methodist University and
has many years of experience in the application of computer technology
to real-world problems.

baldwin.richard@iname.com


What is Included?


According to the subset
document,

  • “The assignment operator = is part of the AP Java subset.”
  • “The combined arithmetic/assignment operators +=, -=, *=, /=, %= are part
    of the AP Java subset although they are used simply as a shorthand and
    will not be used in the adjustment part of a for loop.”
  • “Arithmetic operators: + , -, *, /, % are part of the AP Java subset.”

Answers and Explanations

Answer 15


C.  -3 2

Back to Question 15

Explanation 15


String concatenation

This program uses String concatenation,
which has not been previously discussed in this series of tutorial lessons.

In this case, the program executes both an integer
divide
operation and an integer modulus operation, using String
concatenation to display both results on a single line of output.

Quotient = -3 with a remainder of 2

Thus, the displayed result is the integer quotient
followed by the remainder.

What is String concatenation?

If either operand of the plus (+) operator is
of type String, no attempt is made to perform arithmetic addition. 
Rather, the other operand is converted to a String, and the two
strings are concatenated.

A space character, ” “

The string containing a space character (”
“)
in this expression appears as the right operand of one plus operator
and as the left operand of the other plus operator.

If you already knew about String concatenation,
you should have been able to figure out the correct answer to the question
on the basis of the answers to earlier questions in this lesson.

Answer 14


D.  NaN

Back to Question 14

Explanation 14


Floating modulus operation involves floating divide

Because the modulus operation for floating operands
involves a floating divide, you might expect the result to be Infinity
when the right operand value is 0.0.

Not true!

The modulus operation with floating operands and
0.0 as the right operand produces
NaN, which stands for Not a
Number
.

What is the actual value of Not a Number?

A symbolic constant that is accessible as Double.NaN
specifies the value that is returned in this case.

Be careful what you try to do with it.  It
has some peculiar behavior of its own.

Answer 13


D.  1.5499999999999996

Back to Question 13

Explanation 13


A totally incorrect result

Unfortunately, due to floating arithmetic inaccuracy,
the modulus operation in this program produces an entirely incorrect result.

The result should be 0.0, and that is the result
produced by my hand calculator.

Terminates one step too early

However, this program terminates the repetitive
subtraction process one step too early and produces an incorrect remainder.

Be careful

This program is included here to emphasize the
need to be very careful how you interpret the result of performing modulus
operations on floating operands.

Answer 12


C.  -0.010999999999999996

Back to Question 12

Explanation 12


Modulus operator can be used with floating types

In this case, the program returns the remainder
that would be produced by dividing a double value of -0.11 by a
double
value of 0.033 and terminating the divide operation at the beginning of
the fractional part of the quotient.

Say that again

Stated differently, the result of the modulus
operation is the remainder that results after

  • subtracting the right operand from the left operand
    an integral number of times, and
  • terminating the repetitive subtraction process when
    the result of the subtraction is less than the right operand

Modulus result is not exact

According to my hand calculator, taking into account
the fact that the left operand is negative, this operation  should
produce a modulus result of -0.011.  As you can see, the result produced
by the application of the modulus operation to floating types is not exact.

Answer 11


B.  Runtime Error

Back to Question 11

Explanation 11


Integer modulus involves integer divide

The modulus operation with integer operands involves
an integer divide.

Therefore, it is subject to the same kind of problem
as an ordinary integer divide when the right operand has a value of zero.

Program produces a runtime error

In this case, the program produced a runtime error
that terminated the program.  The error produced by JDK 1.3 is as
follows:

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException:
/ by zero


       
at Worker.doMod(Ap020.java:14)


       
at Ap020.main(Ap020.java:6)

Dealing with the problem

As with integer divide, you can either test the right operand for a
zero value before performing the modulus operation, or you can deal with
the problem after the fact using try-catch.

Answer 10


D.  -2

Back to Question 10

Explanation 10


What is a modulus operation?

In elementary terms, we like to say that the modulus
operation returns the remainder that results from a divide operation.

In general terms, that is true.

Some interesting behavior

However, the modulus operation has some interesting
behaviors that are illustrated in this and the next several questions.

This program returns the modulus of -11 and 3,
with -11 being the left operand.

What is the algebraic sign of the result?

Here is a rule:

The result of the modulus operation
takes the sign of the left operand, regardless of the sign of the quotient
and regardless of the sign of the right operand.

In this program, that produced a result of -2.

Changing the sign of the right operand would not
have changed the sign of the result.

Exercise care with sign of modulus result

Thus, you may need to exercise care as to how
you interpret the result when you perform a modulus operation having a
negative left operand.

Answer 9


C.  Infinity

Back to Question 9

Explanation 9


Floating divide by zero

This program attempts to divide the double
value of 11 by the double value of zero.

No runtime error with floating divide by zero

In the case of floating types, an attempt to divide
by zero does not produce a runtime error.  Rather, it returns a value
that the println() method interprets and displays as Infinity.

What is the actual value?

The actual value returned by this program is provided
by a static final variable in the Double class named POSITIVE_INFINITY.

(There is also a value for NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
which is the value that would be returned if one of the operands were a
negative value.)

Is this a better approach?

Is this a better approach than throwing an exception
as is the case for integer divide by zero?

I will let you be the judge of that.

In either case, you can test the right operand
before the divide to assure that it isn’t equal to zero.

Cannot use exception handling in this case

For floating divide by zero, you cannot handle
the problem by using try-catch.

However, you can test the result following the
divide to see if it is equal to either of the infinity values mentioned
above.

Answer 8


B.  Runtime Error

Back to Question 8

Explanation 8


Dividing by zero

This program attempts to divide the int
value of 11 by the int value of zero.

Integer divide by zero is not allowed

This produces a runtime error and terminates the
program.

The runtime error is as follows under JDK 1.3:

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException:
/ by zero


       
at Worker.doMixed(Ap017.java:14)


       
at Ap017.main(Ap017.java:6)


 

Two ways to deal with this sort of problem

One way is to test the right operand before each
divide operation to assure that it isn’t equal to zero, and to take appropriate
action if it is.

A second (probably preferred) way is to
use exception handling and surround the divide operation with a
try
block, followed by a
catch block for the type

java.lang.ArithmeticException.

The code in the catch block can be designed to
deal with the problem if it occurs.  (Exception handling will be
discussed in a subsequent lesson.)

Answer 7


E.  33

Back to Question 7

Explanation 7


Integer truncation

This program illustrates the integer truncation that results
when the division operator is applied to operands of the integer types.

The result of simple long division

We all know that when we divide 101 by 3, the result is 33.666666 with
the sixes extending out to the limit of our arithmetic accuracy.

The result of rounding

If we round the result to the next closest integer, the result is 34.

Integer division does not round

However, when division is performed using operands of integer types
in Java, the fractional part is simply discarded (not rounded).

The result is the whole number result without regard for the fractional
part or the remainder.

Thus, with integer division, 101/3 produces the integer value 33.

If either operand is a floating type …

If either operand is one of the floating types,

  • the integer operand will be converted to the floating type,
  • the result will be of the floating type, and
  • the fractional part of the result will be preserved to some degree of accuracy

Answer 6


D.  -2147483647

Back to Question 6

Explanation 6


Danger, integer overflow ahead!

This program illustrates a very dangerous situation
involving arithmetic using operands of integer types.  This situation
involves a condition commonly known as integer overflow.

The good news

The good news about doing arithmetic using operands
of integer types is that as long as the result is within the allowable
value range for the wider of the integer types, the results are exact (floating
arithmetic often produces results that are not exact).

The bad news

The bad news about doing arithmetic using operands
of integer types is that when the result is not within the allowable value
range for the wider of the integer types, the results are garbage,
having no usable relationship to the correct result (floating arithmetic
has a much higher probability of producing approximately correct results,
even though the results may not be exact).

For this specific case …

As you can see by the answer to this question,
when a value of 2 was added to the largest positive value that can be stored
in type int, the incorrect result was a very large negative
value.

The result is simply incorrect.  (If you
know how to do binary arithmetic, you can figure out how this happens,
but that is not a topic for the AP exam.)

No safety net in this case — just garbage

Furthermore, there was no compiler error and no
runtime error.  The program simply produced an incorrect result with
no warning.

You need to be especially careful when writing
programs that perform arithmetic using operands of integer types. 
Otherwise, your programs may produce incorrect results.

Answer 5


C.  4.294967294E9

Back to Question 5

Explanation 5


Mixed-type arithmetic

This program illustrates the use of arithmetic operators with operands
of different types.

Declare and initialize an int

The method named doMixed() declares a local variable of type
int
named myIntVar and initializes it with the largest positive value
that can be stored in type int.

Evaluate an arithmetic expression

An arithmetic expression involving myIntVar is evaluated and
the result is passed as a parameter to the println() method where
it is displayed on the computer screen.

Multiply by a literal double value

The arithmetic expression uses the multiplication operator (*) to multiply
the value stored in myIntVar by 2.0 (this literal operand is
type double by default).

Automatic conversion to wider type

When arithmetic is performed using operands of different types, the
type of the operand of the narrower type is automatically converted to
the type of the operand of the wider type, and the arithmetic is performed
on the basis of the wider type.

Result is of the wider type

The type of the result is the same as the wider type.

In this case …

In this case, because the left operand is type double, the int
value is converted to type double and the arithmetic is performed
as type double.

This produces a result of type double, causing the floating value
4.294967294E9 to be displayed on the computer screen.

Answer 4


C.  2147483647

Back to Question 4

Explanation 4


Uses a cast operator

This program, named Ap013.java, differs from the
earlier program named Ap012.java in one important respect.

This program uses a cast operator (shown
in boldface)
to force the compiler to allow a narrowing conversion
in order to assign a double value to an int variable.

Here is the cast operator

The statement containing the cast operator is
shown below for convenient viewing.


 

    myIntVar = (int)myDoubleVar;

Syntax of a cast operator

The cast operator consists of the name of a
type
contained in a pair of matching parentheses.

A unary operator

The cast operator always appears to the left of
an expression whose type is being converted to the type specified by the
cast operator.

Assuming responsibility for potential problems

When dealing with primitive types, the cast operator
is used to notify the compiler that the programmer is willing to assume
the risk of a possible loss of precision in a narrowing conversion.

No loss of precision here

In this case, there was no loss in precision,
but that was only because the value stored in the double variable
was within the allowable value range for an int.

In fact, it was the largest positive value that
can be stored in the type int.  Had it been any larger, a loss
of precision would have occurred.

More on this later …

I will have quite a bit more to say about the
cast operator in subsequent lessons.  I will also have more to say
about the use of the assignment operator in conjunction with the non-primitive
types.

Answer 3


A.  Compiler Error

Back to Question 3

Explanation 3


Conversion from double to int is not automatic

This program attempts to assign a value of type
double
to a variable of type int.

Even though we know that the specific double
value involved would fit in the int variable with no loss of precision,
the conversion from double to int is not a widening conversion.

This is a narrowing conversion

In fact, it is a narrowing conversion because
the allowable value range for an int is less than the allowable
value range for a double.

The conversion is not allowed by the compiler

Therefore it is not allowed by the compiler. 
The following compiler error occurs under JDK 1.3:

Ap012.java:16: possible loss of precision

found   : double

required: int

    myIntVar = myDoubleVar;

Answer 2


C.  2.147483647E9

Back to Question 2

Explanation 2


Declare a double

The method named doAsg() first declares a local variable of type
double
named myDoubleVar without providing an initial value.

Declare and initialize an int

Then it declares an int variable named myIntVar and initializes
its value to the integer value 2147483647 (you learned about Integer.MAX_VALUE
in an earlier lesson).

Assign the int to the double

Following this, the method assigns the int variable to the double
variable.

An assignment compatible conversion

This is an assignment compatible conversion.  In
particular, the integer value of 2147483647 is automatically converted
to a double value and stored in the double variable.

The double representation of that value is what appears on the
screen later when the value of myDoubleVar is displayed.

What is an assignment compatible conversion?

An assignment compatible conversion for the primitive types occurs when
the required conversion is a widening conversion.

What is a widening conversion?

A widening conversion occurs when the allowable value range of the type
of the left operand of the assignment operator is greater than the allowable
value range of the right operand of the assignment operator.

A double is wider than an int

Since the allowable value range of type double is greater than
the allowable value range of type int, assignment of an int
value to a
double variable is allowed, with conversion from int
to double occurring automatically.

A safe conversion

It is also significant to note that there is no loss in precision when
converting from an int to a double.

An unsafe but allowable conversion

However, a loss of precision may occur when an int is assigned
to a float, or when a long is assigned to a double.

What would a float produce?

The value of 2.14748365E9 shown for selection D is what you would see
for this program if you were to change the double variable to a
float
variable.  (Contrast this with 2147483647 to see the loss of precision.)

Widening is no guarantee that precision will
be preserved

The fact that a type conversion is a widening conversion does not guarantee
that there will be no loss of precision in the conversion.  It simply
guarantees that the conversion will be allowed by the compiler.  In
some cases, such as that shown above, an assignment compatible conversion
can result in a loss of precision, so you always need to be aware of what
you are doing.

Answer 1


E.  7.0

Back to Question 1

Explanation 1


Declare but don’t initialize a double variable

The method named doAsg() begins by declaring a double
variable named myVar without initializing it.

Use the simple assignment operator

The simple assignment operator (=) is then used to assign the
double
value 3.0 to the variable.  Following the execution of that statement,
the variable contains the value 3.0.

Use the arithmetic/assignment operator

The next statement uses the combined arithmetic/assignment operator
(+=) to add the value 4.0 to the value of 3.0 previously assigned
to the variable.  The following two statements are functionally equivalent:

myVar += 4.0;

myVar = myVar + 4.0;

Two statements are equivalent

This program contains the first statement listed above.  If you
were to replace the first statement with the second statement, the result
would be the same.

In this case, either statement would add the value 4.0 to the value
of 3.0 that was previously assigned to the variable named myVar,
producing the sum of 7.0.  Then it would assign the sum of 7.0 back
to the variable.  When the contents of the variable are then displayed,
the result is that 7.0 appears on the computer screen.

No particular benefit

To the knowledge of this author, there is no particular benefit to using
the combined arithmetic/assignment notation other than to reduce the amount
of typing required to produce the source code.

Four similar operators in the subset

In addition to the += operator, there are four other similar
operators, which, according to the subset
document,

“are part of the AP Java subset although they are used simply
as a shorthand and will not be used in the adjustment part of a for loop.”

The set of five

The complete set of five combined arithmetic/assignment operators is
as follows:

  • +=
  • -=
  • *=
  • /=
  • %=

In all five cases, you can construct a functionally equivalent arithmetic
and assignment statement in the same way that I constructed the functionally
equivalent statement for += above.

This is not all

Note that the Java language provides some additional operators having
similar syntax that are not included in the above list, and are not part
of the AP Java subset.

About the author

Richard Baldwin
is a college professor (at Austin Community College in Austin, TX) and
private consultant whose primary focus is a combination of Java and XML.
In addition to the many platform-independent benefits of Java applications,
he believes that a combination of Java and XML will become the primary
driving force in the delivery of structured information on the Web.

Richard has participated in numerous consulting projects involving
Java, XML, or a combination of the two.  He frequently provides onsite
Java and/or XML training at the high-tech companies located in and around
Austin, Texas.  He is the author of Baldwin’s Java Programming Tutorials,
which has gained a worldwide following among experienced and aspiring Java
programmers. He has also published articles on Java Programming in Java
Pro magazine.

Richard holds an MSEE degree from Southern Methodist University and
has many years of experience in the application of computer technology
to real-world problems.

baldwin.richard@iname.com

Get the Free Newsletter!

Subscribe to Developer Insider for top news, trends & analysis

Latest Posts

Related Stories