JavaThe Driver Class for the Recursive Filtering Workbench in Java

The Driver Class for the Recursive Filtering Workbench in Java

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Java Programming Notes # 1511


Preface

This is the second installment of a multi-part lesson on digital recursive
filtering.  You will find the first installment in the earlier tutorial
lesson entitled
A Recursive
Filtering Workbench in Java
.

The primary purpose of this lesson is to present and explain a major portion
of the Java code required to implement the workbench.  Therefore, this
lesson builds on the information provided in the earlier lesson.  I won’t
repeat much of the information from that earlier lesson here.  Unless you
are already well-schooled in digital recursive filtering, it will probably be a
good idea for you to study the earlier lesson before embarking on this lesson.

A Recursive Filtering Workbench

The complete collection of installments presents and explains the code for an interactive
Recursive Filtering Workbench (See Figure 1) that can be used to design, experiment with, and
evaluate the behavior of digital recursive filters.

(The digital Recursive Filtering Workbench will be referred to
hereafter simply as the workbench.)

By the end of the last installment, you should have learned how to write a
Java program to create such a workbench. 
Hopefully, you will also have gained some understanding of what recursive
filters are, how they behave, and how they fit into the larger overall
technology of Digital Signal Processing (DSP).

Viewing tip

You may find it useful to open another copy of this lesson in a
separate browser window.  That will make it easier for you to
scroll back
and forth among the different listings and figures while you are
reading
about them.

Supplementary material

I recommend that you also study the other lessons in my extensive
collection of online Java tutorials.  You will find those lessons
published
at Gamelan.com
However, as of the date of this writing, Gamelan doesn’t maintain a
consolidated index of my Java tutorial lessons, and sometimes they are
difficult to locate there.  You will find a consolidated index at www.DickBaldwin.com.

I also recommend that you pay particular attention to the lessons listed in
the References section of this document.

Preview

Complex poles and zeros

The workbench makes it possible for the user to design a recursive filter by
specifying the locations of
sixteen poles and sixteen
zeros in the complex z-plane and then to evaluate the behavior of the recursive filter
for that set of poles and zeros.  The user can relocate the poles and zeros
and re-evaluate the behavior of the corresponding recursive filter as many times
as may be beneficial without a requirement to restart the program.

An image of the z-plane

The GUI in the top center portion of the screen in Figure 1 is an image of the
complex z-plane showing the unit circle along with the locations of all the poles and
zeros.

(Because of the reduction in the size of the image, the poles and
zeros are only barely visible in Figure 1.  A
full-size version is shown in Figure 2.)


Figure 2

The user can interactively change the location of any pair of complex poles or zeros
by selecting a specific pair of poles or zeros and clicking the new location
with the mouse in the z-plane GUI.  This provides a quick and easy way to position
the poles and zeros in the z-plane.

Numeric text input

The GUI that is partially showing in the upper right corner of Figure 1 contains
four text fields and a radio
button for each pair of complex poles and each pair of complex zeros. 
(A full-size version of this GUI is shown in Figure 3.)


Figure 3

This
GUI has several purposes.  For example, the user can specify the locations
of pairs of poles or zeros very accurately by entering the real
and imaginary coordinate values corresponding to the locations into the text
fields in this GUI.  The user can also view the length and the angle
(relative to the real axis)
of an imaginary vector that connects each pole
and each zero to the origin.

This GUI also provides some other features that are used to control the
behavior of the workbench program.

The two GUIs are connected

When this GUI is used to relocate a complex pair of poles or zeros, the graphical
image of the z-plane in Figure 2 is automatically updated to
reflect the new location.  Similarly, when the mouse is used with the
graphical image of the z-plane to relocate a pair of poles or zeros, the numeric
information in the GUI in Figure 3 is automatically updated to
reflect the new location. 

Two ways to specify the location of poles and zeros

Thus, these two GUIs provide two different ways that the user can specify the
locations of poles and zeros.  Clicking the location with the mouse is very
quick and easy but not particularly accurate.  Entering the numeric coordinate values
into the text fields takes a little more effort, but is very accurate.

The two approaches can be used in combination to create a rough design with
the mouse and then to polish the design by entering accurate pole and zero
locations into the text fields.

The behavior of the recursive filter

Once the locations of the poles and zeros that define a recursive filter have
been established using either or both of the two GUIs discussed above, the
leftmost GUI in Figure 1 can be used to display the
following information about the recursive filter.  (See
Figure 4
for a full-size version of this GUI.)

  • The impulse response in the time domain.
  • The amplitude response in the frequency domain.
  • The phase response in the frequency domain.

Figure 4

Two computational approaches

Two versions of the amplitude response and two versions of the phase response
are plotted in the GUI shown in Figure 4.  One version is based on the
Fourier Transform of the impulse response.  The other version is based on a
vector analysis of the locations of the poles and zeros in the z-plane.

Adjusting the plotting parameters

The GUI shown in Figure 4 provides for the input of
seven different plotting parameters (vertical scale, horizontal scale, tic
mark locations, etc.)
.  The user can modify the plotting parameters and replot
the graphs as many times as may be needed to get a good visual representation of
the behavior of the recursive filter.

General Background Information

I will not attempt to teach you the theory behind recursive filtering in this
multi-part lesson.  Rather, I will assume that you already understand that theory, or
that you are studying a good theoretical resource on recursive filtering
concurrently with the study of this lesson.

(A very good resource on the
theory of digital filtering in general, and recursive digital filtering in
particular, is the Introduction to Digital Filters with Audio Applications by
Julius O. Smith III .)

See the earlier lesson entitled
A Recursive
Filtering Workbench in Java
for general background information on recursive
filtering in general and this recursive filtering workbench in particular.

Discussion and Sample
Code

This program is composed of several rather long classes, resulting in a
rather large program.  The size of the program is the primary
reason that I am publishing it in several installments.  At the end of the
previous
lesson
, I promised that this lesson would present and explain the class
named Dsp046, and would also explain the relationship of that class to
some of the classes in the following list:

  • ForwardRealToComplexFFT01 – Used to perform an
    FFT on
    the impulse response.
  • Graph03 – Plotting program as shown in Figure 4.
  • GraphIntfc01 – Required to use Graph03 for plotting.
  • GUI – Required to use Graph03 for plotting.
  • GUI$MyCanvas – Required to use Graph03 for plotting.

Will discuss in fragments

I will discuss this program as a series of code fragments.  The entire program, including the class named Dsp046, is provided in
Listing 32 near the end of the lesson.  The class definition along with the
import directives begins in the fragment shown in Listing 1.  This program was tested using J2SE
5.0 under WinXP.  J2SE 5.0 or later is required due to the use of static
imports and printf.

import static java.lang.Math.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;

class Dsp046 implements GraphIntfc01{

Listing 1

Declare some instance variables

The declarations of some instance variables are shown in Listing 2.

  int dataLength;

  double[] impulseResponse;
  double[] fourierAmplitudeRespnse;
  double[] fourierPhaseAngle;
  double[] vectorAmplitudeResponse;
  double[] vectorPhaseAngle;

  InputGUI inputGUI = null;

Listing 2

The value stored in the instance variable named dataLength specifies
the number of samples of the impulse response that are captured as shown by the
top graph in Figure 4.  The impulse response serves as
the input to an FFT for the purpose of estimating the amplitude and phase
response of the recursive filter as shown by the second and fourth graphs in
Figure 4(The value for dataLength is obtained from the user input field in the top
right corner of Figure 3.)
  This data length must be a power of 2 for
the FFT program to work correctly.  If the user enters a value for the data
length that is not a power of two, the value is automatically converted to a
power of two by the program.

The instance variable named inputGUI contains a reference to the user input GUI containing buttons, radio buttons, and text fields
as shown in Figure 3.

The purpose of the remaining instance variables in Listing 2 will become
apparent in the discussion of the code that follows.

The constructor

The constructor for the class named Dsp046 begins in Listing 3.

  Dsp046(){//constructor
    if(InputGUI.refToObj == null){
      //Instantiate a new InputGUI object.
      inputGUI = new InputGUI();

Listing 3

If the InputGUI object shown in Figure 3 doesn’t already exist, it
will be created by the code in this constructor.  (The class named
InputGUI will be explained in a future installment of this multi-part lesson.)

However, if the InputGUI object already exists, this constructor
retrieves the reference to the object from a static variable belonging to the
InputGUI
class.  This is necessary because a new object of the
Dsp046
class is instantiated each time the user clicks the Graph
button at the bottom of Figure 4.  However, the InputGUI object
needs to persist across many clicks of that button because it stores the state
of the poles and zeros designed by the user.

(When the InputGUI object shown in Figure 3 is first created,
its pole and zero text fields are initialized with a set of default pole and
zero data values.  Its data length text field is initialized to 1024
samples.)

Prepare array objects to store pole and zero data

Listing 4 initializes the lengths of the array objects that will be used to
store pole and zero data.  The lengths of the arrays are initialized to
values that are maintained in the InputGUI object.  If you later
decide to change the number of poles or zeros used by the program, you can
change the values that are initialized into the instance variables named
numberPoles and numberZeros in the InputGUI class. 
Note however, that there may be other changes required as well.

At various points in the program, you may notice that I have performed
separate iterations on poles and zeros even though the number of poles in this
version of the program is the same as the number of zeros.  As a result, I
could have combined them in numerous situations.  I did this to make it
possible to modify the number of poles or the number of zeros later without the
requirement for a major overhaul of the program source code.

      double[] defaultPoleReal = 
                        new double[inputGUI.numberPoles/2];
      double[] defaultPoleImag = 
                        new double[inputGUI.numberPoles/2];
      double[] defaultZeroReal = 
                        new double[inputGUI.numberZeros/2];
      double[] defaultZeroImag = 
                        new double[inputGUI.numberZeros/2];

Listing 4

Establish the default pole locations

The for loop in Listing 5 establishes the default data for eight pairs
of complex conjugate poles spaced at 20-degree intervals around the unit circle. 
These are the locations of the poles in the complex z-plane.  The poles are
barely inside the unit circle, each being a distance of 0.995 from the
origin of the z-plane.

      for(int cnt = 0;cnt < inputGUI.numberPoles/2;cnt++){
        defaultPoleReal[cnt] = 
                           0.995*cos((20+20*cnt)*PI/180.0);
        defaultPoleImag[cnt] = 
                           0.995*sin((20+20*cnt)*PI/180.0);
      }//end for loop

Listing 5

(Hopefully, you already understand about cos functions and
sin
functions.  If not, search the web for a good tutorial on
trigonometry.)

Establish the default zero locations

The for loop in Listing 6 establishes the default locations for eight
pairs of complex conjugate zeros spaced at 20-degree intervals around the unit
circle.  These are the default locations of the zeros in the complex z-plane. 
The zero positions are half way between the pole positions.

      for(int cnt = 0;cnt < inputGUI.numberZeros/2;cnt++){
        defaultZeroReal[cnt] = 
                           0.995*cos((10+20*cnt)*PI/180.0);
        defaultZeroImag[cnt] = 
                           0.995*sin((10+20*cnt)*PI/180.0);
      }//end for loop

Listing 6

Initialize real and imaginary text fields in the
InputGUI object

Listing 7 initializes the real and imaginary text fields in the InputGUI object
(shown in Figure 3) with the default real and imaginary pole and zero values. 
(Note that Figure 3 does not reflect the default values.)

The first for loop in Listing 7 initializes the text fields for the
pole values.  The second for loop in Listing 7 initializes the text
fields for the zero values.

      for(int cnt = 0;cnt < inputGUI.numberPoles/2;cnt++){
        inputGUI.poleReal[cnt].setText(
                     String.valueOf(defaultPoleReal[cnt]));
        inputGUI.poleImag[cnt].setText(
                     String.valueOf(defaultPoleImag[cnt]));
      }//end for loop

      for(int cnt = 0;cnt < inputGUI.numberZeros/2;cnt++){
        inputGUI.zeroReal[cnt].
             setText(String.valueOf(defaultZeroReal[cnt]));
        inputGUI.zeroImag[cnt].setText(
                     String.valueOf(defaultZeroImag[cnt]));
      }//end for loop

Listing 7

Get the default data length

Listing 8 gets the default data length from the new object of the InputGUI
class.  Even though there is a requirement that the data length be an even
power of two, there is no requirement to convert the default value to a power of two because a power of two
(1024) is hard-coded into the program as the default data length
value.

      dataLength = Integer.parseInt(
                       inputGUI.dataLengthField.getText());

Listing 8

When an InputGUI object already exists

Recall that we are discussing the constructor for the class named Dsp046
Back in Listing 3, the constructor began with an if statement, with the
explanation that if an InputGUI object, as shown in Figure 3, doesn’t
already exist, it will be created by the code in the constructor.  All of
the code in the fragments from Listing 4 through Listing 8 inclusive were used
to create the new object.

Listing 9 begins the else clause that deals with the situation where
the InputGUI object does already exist.

This code begins by retrieving the reference to the existing InputGUI object that was saved
earlier.

    }else{//An InputGUI object already exists.
      inputGUI = InputGUI.refToObj;

      dataLength = Integer.parseInt(
                       inputGUI.dataLengthField.getText());
      dataLength = convertToPowerOfTwo(dataLength);
      inputGUI.dataLengthField.setText("" + dataLength);
    }//end if

Listing 9

After retrieving the reference to the object, Listing 9 gets the current data length from the object.  This value may have been modified by the user and may not be an even power of two. 
Therefore, Listing 9 invokes the method named convertToPowerOfTwo to
confirm that the data length value is an even power of two, or convert
the data length to an even power of two if its not.  That value is then stored back into the text field in the existing object.

At this point, I am going to set the discussion of the constructor aside for
awhile and explain the method named convertToPowerOfTwo.

The method named convertToPowerOfTwo

This method is used to make certain that the incoming value is a non-zero
positive power of two that is less than or equal to 16384.

If the input is not equal to either a power of two or one less than a power
of two, it is truncated to the next lower power of two.

If it is either a power of two or one less than a power of two, the returned
value is that power of two.

Negative input values are converted to positive values before making the
conversion.

The method begins in Listing 10.

  int convertToPowerOfTwo(int dataLength){
    //Eliminate negative values
    dataLength = abs(dataLength);

    //Make sure the data length is not zero by adding a
    // value of 1.
    dataLength++;

    //Make sure the data length is not greater than 16384.
    if(dataLength > 16384){
      dataLength = 16384;
    }//end if

Listing 10

There probably is a better way

It is quite likely that there is a more efficient way to accomplish this goal
than the approach used here.  However, this method isn’t called very often,
so efficiency wasn’t something that I was particularly concerned about.

The code in Listing 10:

  • Converts negative values to positive values.
  • Makes certain that the data length is not zero by adding a value of 1.
  • Makes certain that the data length is not greater than 16384.  If
    so, it is capped at 16384.

Identify the position of the most significant bit

The code in Listing 11 uses a loop, a left shift operator, and a
bitwise and operator to determine the position of the most significant bit
in the incoming dataLength value.  This is accomplished by counting
the number of left shifts required to cause the most significant bit in the
incoming value to match the bit position of the single bit in the
hexadecimal value 4000.  (Note that no shifts are required for an input
value of 16384.)
  The count value is saved for use in Listing 12.

    int cnt = 0;
    int mask = 0x4000;

    while((dataLength & mask) == 0){
      cnt++;
      dataLength = dataLength << 1;
    }//end while loop

Listing 11

Create an output value having a single bit

A value consisting of a single binary bit is a non-zero even power of two. 
For twos complement notation, if that bit is not in the most significant bit
position, it is a positive non-zero even power of two.

The code in Listing 12 creates an output value having a single bit in the
same bit position as the most significant bit of the incoming value.  This
is accomplished by shifting the hexadecimal value 4000 to the right the same
number of places as were required to satisfy the conditional clause in the
while
loop in Listing 11.  Because this hexadecimal value consists of a
single bit, this guarantees that the resulting value is an even power of
two.

    dataLength = mask >> cnt;

    return dataLength;
  }//end convertToPowerOfTwo

Listing 12

Getting back to the constructor

Returning now to code in the constructor for the class named Dsp046,
Listing 13 establishes the length of some arrays that will be needed later based on the current data
length.

    impulseResponse = new double[dataLength];
    fourierAmplitudeRespnse = new double[dataLength];
    fourierPhaseAngle = new double[dataLength];

Listing 13

Perform the recursive filtering operation

The code in the next several listings computes and saves the impulse response
of the recursive filter by applying the recursive filter to an impulse. 
(The impulse response is shown in the top graph in Figure 4.)

More code than is normally needed

Note that the following code implements a recursive filtering operation based
on the poles and zeros previously established.  However, the conversion
from poles and zeros to feedForward and feedback coefficients is
not routinely involved in the application of a recursive filter to input data. 
Rather, the pole/zero configuration is usually converted to filter coefficients
before the recursive filtering process begins.  Therefore, there is much
more code here than would normally be needed for a routine recursive filtering
operation, and this code is not indicative of the computational cost of
recursive filtering.

Get the pole and zero values as type double

The statement in Listing 14 invokes the method named captureTextFieldData
on the InputGUI object to cause the current values in the text fields
(shown in Figure 3)
that describe the poles and zeros to be converted into
double values and stored in arrays.  (We will see the code for the
method named captureTextFieldData in a future lesson that explains the
code in the class named InputGUI.)

    inputGUI.captureTextFieldData();

Listing 14

References to the array objects

The array objects into which the pole and zero values are stored by the captureTextFieldData
method are instance
variables of the object that is instantiated from the class named InputGUI
Therefore, you will see them referred to in this lesson in the following format:

inputGUI.poleRealData[0]

There are four such arrays, and they are
declared in the InputGUI class as follows:

  • double[] poleRealData = new double[numberPoles/2];
  • double[] poleImagData = new double[numberPoles/2];
  • double[] zeroRealData = new double[numberZeros/2];
  • double[] zeroImagData = new double[numberZeros/2];

Create the feedback coefficients

The code in Listing 15 creates the feedback coefficient array based on the
values that are stored in the array objects referred to by poleRealData
and poleImagData described above.

(The code in Listing 15 uses the following methods to accomplish its
purpose:

  • conjToSecondOrder
  • secondToFourthOrder
  • fourthToEighthOrder
  • eighthToSixteenthOrder

While not technically complex, these methods are rather long and
tedious.  You can view them in their entirety in Listing 32 near the
end of the lesson.

To understand the code in the four methods listed above, as well as
the code in Listing 15, you may need to retrieve your high school algebra
book and refresh your memory regarding complex arithmetic and polynomial
multiplication.)

Description of the process

The process implemented by Listing 15 to create the
feedback coefficients is to first multiply the roots
corresponding to each of eight pairs of complex conjugate poles, two pairs at a
time.  This
produces eight second-order polynomials.  These second-order polynomials
are multiplied in pairs to produce four fourth-order polynomials.  These
four fourth-order polynomials are multiplied in pairs to produce two
eighth-order polynomials.  The two eighth-order polynomials are multiplied
to produce one sixteenth-order polynomial.

Note that the algebraic sign of the real and imaginary values were changed to
make them match the format of a root located at a+jb.  The format of the
root is (x-a-jb)

    //Multiply two pairs of complex conjugate roots to
    // produce two second-order polynomials.
    double[] temp1 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.poleRealData[0],-inputGUI.poleImagData[0]);
    double[] temp2 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.poleRealData[1],-inputGUI.poleImagData[1]);
    //Multiply a pair of second-order polynomials to
    // produce a fourth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp3 = secondToFourthOrder(
                      temp1[1],temp1[2],temp2[1],temp2[2]);

    //Multiply two pairs of complex conjugate roots to
    // produce two second-order polynomials.
    double[] temp4 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.poleRealData[2],-inputGUI.poleImagData[2]);
    double[] temp5 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.poleRealData[3],-inputGUI.poleImagData[3]);
    //Multiply a pair of second-order polynomials to
    // produce a fourth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp6 = secondToFourthOrder(
                      temp4[1],temp4[2],temp5[1],temp5[2]);
    //Multiply a pair of fourth-order polynomials to
    // produce an eighth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp7 = fourthToEighthOrder(
                      temp3[1],temp3[2],temp3[3],temp3[4],
                      temp6[1],temp6[2],temp6[3],temp6[4]);
                      
    //Multiply two pairs of complex conjugate roots to
    // produce two second-order polynomials.
    double[] temp11 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.poleRealData[4],-inputGUI.poleImagData[4]);
    double[] temp12 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.poleRealData[5],-inputGUI.poleImagData[5]);
    //Multiply a pair of second-order polynomials to
    // produce a fourth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp13 = secondToFourthOrder(
                  temp11[1],temp11[2],temp12[1],temp12[2]);

    //Multiply two pairs of complex conjugate roots to
    // produce two second-order polynomials.
    double[] temp14 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.poleRealData[6],-inputGUI.poleImagData[6]);
    double[] temp15 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.poleRealData[7],-inputGUI.poleImagData[7]);
    //Multiply a pair of second-order polynomials to
    // produce a fourth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp16 = secondToFourthOrder(
                  temp14[1],temp14[2],temp15[1],temp15[2]);
    //Multiply a pair of fourth-order polynomials to
    // produce an eighth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp17 = fourthToEighthOrder(
                  temp13[1],temp13[2],temp13[3],temp13[4],
                  temp16[1],temp16[2],temp16[3],temp16[4]);

    //Perform the final polynomial multiplication,
    // multiplying a pair of eighth-order polynomials to
    // produce a sixteenth-order polynomial.  Place the
    // coefficients of the sixteenth-order polynomial in
    // the feedback coefficient array.
    double[] feedbackCoefficientArray = 
                eighthToSixteenthOrder(
                  temp7[1],temp7[2],temp7[3],temp7[4],
                  temp7[5],temp7[6],temp7[7],temp7[8],
                  temp17[1],temp17[2],temp17[3],temp17[4],
                  temp17[5],temp17[6],temp17[7],temp17[8]);

Listing 15

Get required length for the feedback delay line

The actual feedback portion of the recursive filtering process is a simple
convolution operation, which I have described in numerous previous tutorial
lessons.  The code in Listing 16 determines the length of the delay line required to perform the feedback
convolution arithmetic.

    int feedbackDelayLineLength = 
                           feedbackCoefficientArray.length;

Listing 16

Create the feedForward coefficients

The code in Listing 17 creates the feedForward coefficient array based on the
values that are stored in the array objects referred to by zeroRealData
and zeroImagData described above.  The process is the same as
described above for the poles.

    //Multiply two pairs of complex conjugate roots to
    // produce two second-order polynomials.
    double[] temp21 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.zeroRealData[0],-inputGUI.zeroImagData[0]);
    double[] temp22 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.zeroRealData[1],-inputGUI.zeroImagData[1]);
    //Multiply a pair of second-order polynomials to
    // produce a fourth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp23 = secondToFourthOrder(
                  temp21[1],temp21[2],temp22[1],temp22[2]);

    //Multiply two pairs of complex conjugate roots to
    // produce two second-order polynomials.
    double[] temp24 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.zeroRealData[2],-inputGUI.zeroImagData[2]);
    double[] temp25 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.zeroRealData[3],-inputGUI.zeroImagData[3]);
    //Multiply a pair of second-order polynomials to
    // produce a fourth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp26 = secondToFourthOrder(
                  temp24[1],temp24[2],temp25[1],temp25[2]);
    //Multiply a pair of fourth-order polynomials to
    // produce an eighth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp27 = fourthToEighthOrder(
                  temp23[1],temp23[2],temp23[3],temp23[4],
                  temp26[1],temp26[2],temp26[3],temp26[4]);

    //Multiply two pairs of complex conjugate roots to
    // produce two second-order polynomials.
    double[] temp31 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.zeroRealData[4],-inputGUI.zeroImagData[4]);
    double[] temp32 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.zeroRealData[5],-inputGUI.zeroImagData[5]);
    //Multiply a pair of second-order polynomials to
    // produce a fourth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp33 = secondToFourthOrder(
                  temp31[1],temp31[2],temp32[1],temp32[2]);

    //Multiply two pairs of complex conjugate roots to
    // produce two second-order polynomials.
    double[] temp34 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.zeroRealData[6],-inputGUI.zeroImagData[6]);
    double[] temp35 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.zeroRealData[7],-inputGUI.zeroImagData[7]);
    //Multiply a pair of second-order polynomials to
    // produce a fourth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp36 = secondToFourthOrder(
                  temp34[1],temp34[2],temp35[1],temp35[2]);
    //Multiply a pair of fourth-order polynomials to
    // produce an eighth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp37 = fourthToEighthOrder(
                  temp33[1],temp33[2],temp33[3],temp33[4],
                  temp36[1],temp36[2],temp36[3],temp36[4]);

    //Perform the final polynomial multiplication,
    // multiplying a pair of eighth-order polynomials to
    // produce a sixteenth-order polynomial.  Place the
    // coefficients of the sixteenth-order polynomial in
    // the feedForward coefficient array.
    double[] feedForwardCoefficientArray = 
                eighthToSixteenthOrder(
                  temp27[1],temp27[2],temp27[3],temp27[4],
                  temp27[5],temp27[6],temp27[7],temp27[8],
                  temp37[1],temp37[2],temp37[3],temp37[4],
                  temp37[5],temp37[6],temp37[7],temp37[8]);

Listing 17

Get delay line length and display coefficients

The code in Listing 18 begins by determining the length of the delay line required to perform the feedForward
convolution arithmetic.

    int feedForwardDelayLineLength = 
                        feedForwardCoefficientArray.length;

    //Display the feedForward and feedback coefficients
    System.out.println(
                  "Feed-Forward (Numerator) Coefficients");
    for(int cnt = 0;
            cnt < feedForwardCoefficientArray.length;
            cnt++){
      System.out.printf ("%2d % 5.3f%n",cnt,
                         feedForwardCoefficientArray[cnt]);
    }//end for loop
    
    System.out.println(
                  "nFeedback (Denominator) Coefficients");
    for(int cnt = 1;
            cnt < feedbackCoefficientArray.length;
            cnt++){
      System.out.printf ("%2d % 5.3f%n",cnt,
                            feedbackCoefficientArray[cnt]);
    }//end for loop
    System.out.println();

Listing 18

Then the code in Listing 18 displays both sets of coefficient values on the
command line screen, as shown by the black area at the bottom of
Figure 1
.

Create the required delay lines

Listing 19 creates the data delay lines used for feedForward and feedback
convolution arithmetic.  Once again, I have described convolution in
numerous previous tutorial lessons.  There are links to some of those
lessons in the References section.

    double[] feedForwardDelayLine = 
                    new double[feedForwardDelayLineLength];
    double[] feedbackDelayLine = 
                       new double[feedbackDelayLineLength];

Listing 19

Perform the recursive filtering operation on an
impulse

Listing 20 performs the actual recursive filtering operation to produce the
impulse response for the recursive filter, as shown in the first graph in
Figure 4.  The code in Listing 20 computes the output
values and populates the output array for further analysis such as FFT
analysis.

    //Initial input and output data values
    double filterInputSample = 0;//input data
    double filterOutputSample = 0;//output data
    
    //Compute the output values and populate the output
    // array for further analysis such as FFT analysis.
    // This is the code that actually applies the
    // recursive filter to the input data given the
    // feedForward and feedback coefficients.
    for(int dataLenCnt = 0;dataLenCnt < dataLength;
                                             dataLenCnt++){
      //Create the input samples consisting of a single
      // impulse at time zero and sample values of 0
      // thereafter.
      if(dataLenCnt == 0){
        filterInputSample = 100.0;
      }else{
        filterInputSample = 0.0;
      }//end else

      //*************************************************//
      //This is the beginning of one cycle of the actual
      // recursive filtering process.
      
      //Shift the data in the delay lines.  Oldest value
      // has the highest index value.
      for(int cnt = feedForwardDelayLineLength-1; 
                                            cnt > 0;cnt--){
        feedForwardDelayLine[cnt] = 
                               feedForwardDelayLine[cnt-1];
      }//end for loop
  
      for(int cnt = feedbackDelayLineLength-1; 
                                            cnt > 0;cnt--){
        feedbackDelayLine[cnt] = feedbackDelayLine[cnt-1];
      }//end for loop
     
      //Insert the input signal into the delay line at
      // zero index.
      feedForwardDelayLine[0] = filterInputSample;
      
      //Compute sum of products for input signal and
      // feedForward coefficients from 0 to
      // feedForwardDelayLineLength-1.
      double xTemp = 0;
      for(int cnt = 0;cnt < feedForwardDelayLineLength;
                                                    cnt++){
        xTemp += feedForwardCoefficientArray[cnt]*
                                 feedForwardDelayLine[cnt];
      }//end for loop
  
      //Compute sum of products for previous output values
      // and feedback coefficients from 1 to
      // feedbackDelayLineLength-1.
      double yTemp = 0;
      for(int cnt = 1;cnt < feedbackDelayLineLength;cnt++){
        yTemp += feedbackCoefficientArray[cnt]*
                                    feedbackDelayLine[cnt];
      }//end for loop
      
      //Compute new output value as the difference.
      filterOutputSample = xTemp - yTemp;
      
      //Save the output value in the array containing the
      // impulse response.
      impulseResponse[dataLenCnt] = filterOutputSample;
      
      //Insert the output signal into the delay line at
      // zero index.
      feedbackDelayLine[0] = filterOutputSample;
      
      //This is the end of one cycle of the recursive
      // filtering process.
      //*************************************************//
    }//end for loop

Listing 20

I realize that Listing 20 is rather long and tedious.  However, there
isn’t much that I can do to explain the process beyond the comments that are
included in the code.  If you understand how recursive filtering is
implemented, you shouldn’t have any trouble understanding the code in
Listing 20.

Compute the Fourier transform of the impulse
response

Listing 21 computes the Fourier Transform of the impulse response, placing
the magnitude result from the FFT program into the fourierAmplitudeRespnse
array and the phase angle result into the fourierPhaseAngle array.

(Hopefully you already understand spectrum analysis using the Fourier
Transform as well as the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm.  If not, you
will find links to my earlier lessons on those topics in the
References section.)

    ForwardRealToComplexFFT01.transform(
                                  impulseResponse,
                                  new double[dataLength],
                                  new double[dataLength],
                                  fourierPhaseAngle,
                                  fourierAmplitudeRespnse);

Listing 21

Estimating the frequency response of the recursive
filter

The purpose of computing the Fourier Transform of the impulse response is to
estimate the frequency response of the recursive filter.

As you learned in the earlier lesson entitled
A Recursive
Filtering Workbench in Java
, the impulse response of a recursive filter can
be quite long.  This is what makes it possible for a recursive filter to
provide large changes in the frequency response across narrow ranges of
frequency at minimal computational cost.  This process will provide a good
estimate of the frequency response only if the data on which the Fourier
Transform is performed includes the entire impulse response.

The results of performing the Fourier Transform will be plotted later as the
second and fourth graphs in Figure 4.

Normalize the Fourier Transform output

The code in Listing 22, along with the embedded comments should be self
explanatory.

    /*DO NOT DELETE THIS CODE
    //Note that this normalization code is redundant
    // because of the normalization that takes place in
    // the method named convertToDB later.  However, if
    // the conversion to decibels is disabled, the
    // following code should be enabled.
    //Scale the fourierAmplitudeRespnse to compensate for
    // the differences in data length.
    for(int cnt = 0;cnt < fourierAmplitudeRespnse.length;
                                                    cnt++){
      fourierAmplitudeRespnse[cnt] = 
           fourierAmplitudeRespnse[cnt]*dataLength/16384.0;
    }//end for loop
    */

Listing 22

Estimate the amplitude frequency response using
vector analysis

As you learned in the
earlier lesson,
the amplitude response of the recursive filter at a given frequency (a point
on the unit circle)
can also be estimated by computing the product of the
distances from that point on the unit circle to all of the zeros and dividing
that value by the product of the distances from the same point on the unit
circle to all of the poles.

The code in Listing 23 invokes the method named getVectorAmplitudeResponse
to compute such an estimate.  The results will be plotted later as the
third graph in Figure 4.

    vectorAmplitudeResponse = getVectorAmplitudeResponse(
                                    inputGUI.poleRealData,
                                    inputGUI.poleImagData,
                                    inputGUI.zeroRealData,
                                    inputGUI.zeroImagData);

Listing 23

The getVectorAmplitudeResponse method

I will set the discussion of the constructor aside for awhile at this point
and explain the method named getVectorAmplitudeResponse.

As mentioned above, the amplitude response of a recursive filter at a given
frequency (a point on the unit circle) can be estimated by dividing the
product of the lengths of the vectors connecting that point on the unit circle
to all of the zeros by the product of the lengths of the vectors connecting the
same point on the unit circle to all of the poles.

The amplitude response at all frequencies between zero and the Nyquist
folding frequency can be estimated by performing this calculation at all points
in the top half of the unit circle.

The bottom half of the unit circle provides the amplitude response for
frequencies between the Nyquist folding frequency and the sampling frequency. 
These values are redundant because they are the same as the values below the
Nyquist folding frequency.  Despite the redundancy, however, this method
computes the amplitude response at the full set of frequencies between zero and
the sampling frequency where the number of frequencies in the set is equal to
the data length.  This causes the amplitude response to be computed at a
set of frequencies that matches the set of frequencies for which the amplitude
response is computed using the FFT algorithm, making it easier to plot the two
for comparison purposes.

The beginning of the getVectorAmplitudeResponse
method

The method begins in Listing 24.

  double[] getVectorAmplitudeResponse(
                                    double[] poleRealData,
                                    double[] poleImagData,
                                    double[] zeroRealData,
                                    double[] zeroImagData){
    double[] amplitudeResponse = new double[dataLength];
    double freqAngle = 0;
    double freqHorizComponent = 0;
    double freqVertComponent = 0;

Listing 24

The code in Listing 24 simply declares some local variables that will be
needed later.

Divide the unit circle into dataLength frequency
intervals

The code in Listing 25 shows the beginning of a for loop that divides the unit circle into
dataLength frequency intervals and computes the amplitude response at each
frequency.

    for(int freqCnt = 0;freqCnt < dataLength;freqCnt++){
      //Get the angle from the origin to the point on the
      // unit circle relative to the horizontal axis.
      freqAngle = freqCnt*2*PI/dataLength;

      //Get the horizontal and vertical components of the
      // distance from the origin to the point on the unit
      // circle.
      freqHorizComponent = cos(freqAngle);
      freqVertComponent = sin(freqAngle);

Listing 25

Begin processing the zeros for each frequency

The next few code fragments compute the product of the distances from the point
on the unit circle to each of the zeros.  The methodology is to get the
distance from the point on the unit circle to each zero as the square root of
the sum of the squares of the sides of a right triangle formed by the zero and
the point on the unit circle with the base of the triangle being parallel to the
horizontal axis.

Listing 26 begins the process by declaring some working
variables
.

      double base;//Base of the right triangle
      double height;//Height of the right triangle
      double hypo;//Hypotenuse of the right triangle
      double zeroProduct = 1.0;//Initialize the product.

Listing 26

Loop and process all complex conjugate zeros

Listing 27 implements a for loop and
performs some simple geometric arithmetic
to implement this process for all of the complex conjugate zeros at a single
frequency.

      //Loop and process all complex conjugate zeros
      for(int cnt = 0;cnt < zeroRealData.length;cnt++){
        //First compute the product for a zero in the
        // upper half of the z-plane
        //Get base of triangle
        base = freqHorizComponent - zeroRealData[cnt];
        //Get height of triangle
        height = freqVertComponent - zeroImagData[cnt];
        //Get hypotenuse of triangle
        hypo = sqrt(base*base + height*height);
        
        //Compute the running product.
        zeroProduct *= hypo;

        //Continue computing the running product using the
        // conjugate zero in the lower half of the z-plane.
        // Note the sign change on the imaginary
        // part.
        base = freqHorizComponent - zeroRealData[cnt];
        height = freqVertComponent + zeroImagData[cnt];
        hypo = sqrt(base*base + height*height);
        zeroProduct *= hypo;
      }//end for loop - all zeros have been processed

Listing 27

Compute product of the distances to the poles

Listing 28 implements essentially the same geometric process to compute the
product of the distances from a single frequency point to all of the
poles.

      //Now compute the product of the lengths to the
      // poles.
      double poleProduct = 1.0;//Initialize the product.
      for(int cnt = 0;cnt < poleRealData.length;cnt++){
        //Begin with the pole in the upper half of the
        // z-plane.
        base = freqHorizComponent - poleRealData[cnt];
        height = freqVertComponent - poleImagData[cnt];
        hypo = sqrt(base*base + height*height);

        //Compute the running product.
        poleProduct *= hypo;

        //Continue computing the running product using the
        // conjugate pole in the lower half of the z-plane.
        // Note the sign change on the imaginary part.
        base = freqHorizComponent - poleRealData[cnt];
        height = freqVertComponent + poleImagData[cnt];
        hypo = sqrt(base*base + height*height);
        poleProduct *= hypo;//product of lengths
      }//end for loop

Listing 28

The remainder of the method

Listing 29 divides the zeroProduct by the poleProduct to
compute and save the amplitude Response for this frequency.

Then the code
in Listing 29 transfers control back to the top of the outer for loop
to computes
the amplitude Response for the next frequency.

When the amplitude response
for each frequency of interest on the unit circle has been computed and saved,
the method named getVectorAmplitudeResponse returns the amplitude
response data and
terminates
.

      amplitudeResponse[freqCnt] = zeroProduct/poleProduct;
      
    }//end for loop on data length - all frequencies done

    return amplitudeResponse;
  }//end getVectorAmplitudeResponse

Listing 29

Estimate the phase response

Returning once again to the discussion of the constructor for the class named
Dsp046, the code in Listing 30 invokes the method named
getVectorPhaseAngle
to estimate the phase angle based on sum and difference
values for the angles of the pole and zero vectors.

    vectorPhaseAngle = getVectorPhaseAngle(
                                    inputGUI.poleRealData,
                                    inputGUI.poleImagData,
                                    inputGUI.zeroRealData,
                                    inputGUI.zeroImagData);

Listing 30

As you learned in the earlier lesson entitled
A Recursive
Filtering Workbench in Java
, the phase angle of the recursive filter at a
particular frequency (represented by a point on the unit circle) can be
estimated by subtracting the sum of the angles from the point on the unit circle
to all of the poles from the sum of the angles from the same point on the unit
circle to all of the zeros.

The method named getVectorPhaseAngle uses this methodology to compute
the phase angle for an equally-spaced set of frequencies between zero and the
sampling frequency.  Each phase angle is normalized to degrees in the range
from -180 degrees to +180 degrees for return to the calling program.

Very similar to earlier method named getVectorAmplitudeResponse

The code in the method named getVectorPhaseAngle is very similar to
the code that was explained earlier for the method named getVectorAmplitudeResponse
Therefore, a further explanation should not be required.  You can view a
complete listing of the method named getVectorPhaseAngle in Listing 32
near the end of the lesson.

Convert to decibels

Listing 31 makes two calls to the method named convertToDB to convert the two
estimates of amplitude response to decibels before they are plotted as the
second and third graphs in Figure 4.

    //Convert the fourierAmplitudeRespnse data to decibels.
    // Disable the following statement to disable the
    // conversion to decibels.
    convertToDB(fourierAmplitudeRespnse);
    
    //Convert the vectorAmplitudeResponse to decibels.
    // Disable the following statement to disable the
    // conversion to decibels.
    convertToDB(vectorAmplitudeResponse);
      
  }//end constructor

Listing 31

Just about everything in the method named convertToDB has been
previously explained in one or more of the lessons referred to in the
References
section.  Therefore, it shouldn’t be necessary for me to
repeat those explanations in this lesson.  You can view the method named
convertToDB
in its entirety in Listing 32 near the end of the lesson.

The end of the constructor

Listing 31 also signals the end of the constructor for the class named
Dsp046
.

Methods required for plotting

This program uses another program named Graph03 to actually produce
the graphs shown in Figure 4.  The program named
Graph03 has been fully explained in one or more of the earlier lessons referred
to in the section entitled References.

The following six methods are declared in the interface named
GraaphIntfc01
, which must be implemented by any program that uses the
program named Graph03 to perform the plotting.

  • getNmbr
  • f1
  • f2
  • f3
  • f4
  • f5

The implementation of these six methods in this program is straightforward,
and shouldn’t require an explanation beyond the comments embedded in the
methods.  You can view these six methods in their entirety in Listing 32
near the end of the lesson.

End of discussion and explanation

That concludes the discussion and explanation of the class named Dsp046.

Run the Program

I encourage you to copy the code from Listing 32 into your text
editor, compile it, and execute it.  Experiment with it, making
changes, and observing the results of your changes.

Remember that in addition to the code from Listing 32,
this workbench program requires access to the following source code or class
files, which were published in earlier tutorials (see the
References section of this document for links to those
lessons)
:

  • GraphIntfc01
  • ForwardRealToComplexFFT01
  • Graph03

(You can also find the source code for these classes by searching for
the class names along with the keywords baldwin java on
Google.)

Having compiled all the source code, enter the following command at the
command prompt to run this program:

java Graph03 Dsp046

Summary

The earlier tutorial lesson entitled
A Recursive
Filtering Workbench in Java
was the first installment of a multi-part lesson on recursive
filtering.  That lesson provided an overview of an interactive Recursive Filtering
Workbench
that can be used to design, experiment with, and evaluate the
behavior of digital recursive filters.

This lesson presents and explains the driver class for the workbench
(named Dsp046)
, which constitutes a major portion of the Java code
required to implement the workbench.  Therefore, this lesson builds on the
information provided in the earlier lesson.

What’s Next?

An understanding of this workbench program requires an understanding of the following
Java classes, which are new
to this program (plus some anonymous classes not listed here):

  1. Dsp046 – Driver class for the workbench (explained in this
    lesson)
    .
  2. InputGUI – Provides user input capability (mainly text)
    for the workbench as shown in Figure 3.
  3. InputGUI$MyTextListener – Processes text input to the workbench, updating the angle output and updating the
    z-plane
    display.
  4. InputGUI$ZPlane – Provides the z-plane display along with graphic
    mouse input capability for the workbench as shown in
    Figure 2.

In addition, an understanding of this program requires an understanding of
the following Java classes, which were presented and explained in earlier
lessons (links to these lessons can be found in the
References
section of this lesson):

  • ForwardRealToComplexFFT01 – Used to perform an
    FFT on
    the impulse response.
  • Graph03 – Plotting program as shown in Figure 4.
  • GraphIntfc01 – Required to use Graph03 for plotting.
  • GUI – Required to use Graph03 for plotting.
  • GUI$MyCanvas – Required to use Graph03 for plotting.

This second installment of this multi-part lesson has explained the driver
class named Dsp046.

Although I may change the schedule as I write and publish
the future installments of this lesson, here are my plans at this point in time.

The third installment will present and explain the class named InputGUI
along with the inner class named InputGUI$MyTextListener.

The fourth installment will present and explain the class named InputGUI$ZPlane.

References

An understanding of the material in the following previously published
lessons will be very helpful to you in understanding the material in this
lesson:


  • 1468
    Plotting Engineering and Scientific Data using Java
  • 100   Periodic
    Motion and Sinusoids
  • 104   Sampled
    Time Series
  • 108  
    Averaging Time Series
  • 1478
    Fun with Java, How and Why Spectral Analysis Works
  • 1482
    Spectrum Analysis using Java, Sampling Frequency, Folding Frequency, and the
    FFT Algorithm
  • 1483
    Spectrum Analysis using Java, Frequency Resolution versus Data Length
  • 1484
    Spectrum Analysis using Java, Complex Spectrum and Phase Angle
  • 1485
    Spectrum Analysis using Java, Forward and Inverse Transforms, Filtering in
    the Frequency Domain
  • 1486
    Fun with Java, Understanding the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Algorithm
  • 1487
    Convolution and Frequency Filtering in Java
  • 1488
    Convolution and Matched Filtering in Java
  • 1492
    Plotting Large Quantities of Data using Java
  • Other
    previously-published lessons on DSP including adaptive processing and image
    processing

In addition, there are numerous good references on DSP available on the web. 
For example, good references can be found at the following URLs:

Complete Program Listing


A complete listing of the class named Dsp046 discussed in this lesson is
contained in
Listing 32 below.
 

/* File Dsp046.java
Copyright 2006, R.G.Baldwin

This program provides a visual, interactive recursive 
filtering workbench.

The purpose of the program is to make it easy to experiment
with the behavior of recursive filters and to visualize the
results of those experiments.

The program implements a recursive filter having eight 
pairs of complex conjugate poles and eight pairs of complex
conjugate zeros.  The locations of the pairs of poles and
zeros in the z-plane are controlled by the user.

Although the pairs of poles and zeros can be co-located on
the real axis, the program does not support the placement
of individual poles and zeros on the real axis.

The user can reduce the number of poles and zeros used by
the recursive filter by moving excess poles and zeros to 
the origin in the z-plane, rendering them ineffective in 
the behavior of the recursive filter.

The program provides three interactive displays on the 
screen.  The first display (in the leftmost position on the
screen) contains five graphs.  The first graph in this 
display shows the impulse response of the recursive filter 
in the time domain.  

The second and third graphs in the first display show the 
amplitude response of the recursive filter in the frequency
domain computed using two different approaches.  The two 
different computational approaches are provided for 
comparison purposes.

The first computational approach for computing the 
amplitude response is to perform a Fourier transform on
the impulse response using an FFT algorithm.  The quality
of the estimate of the amplitude response using this 
approach is dependent on the extent to which the entire
impulse response is captured in the set of samples used to
perform the FFT.  If the impulse response is truncated, the
estimate will be degraded.

The second approach for computing the amplitude response 
involves computing the product of the vector lengths from 
each point on the unit circle to each of the poles and each
of the zeros in the z-plane.  This approach provides an
idealized estimate of the amplitude response of the 
recursive filter, unaffected by impulse-response 
considerations.  This approach provides the same results 
that should be produced by performing the FFT on a set of
impulse-response samples of sufficient length to guarantee
that the values in the impulse response have been damped
down to zero (the impulse response is totally captured in
the set of samples on which the FFT is performed).

The fourth and fifth graphs in the first display show the 
phase response of the recursive filter computed using the 
same (or similar) approaches described above for the 
amplitude response.  (The second approach uses the sum of
vector angles instead of the product of vector lengths.)
Once again, the two approaches are provided for comparison
purposes.

By default, the program computes and captures the impulse 
response for a length of 1024 samples and performs the 
Fourier transform on that length.  However, the length of 
the captured impulse response and the corresponding FFT
can be changed by the user to any length between 2 samples
and 16384 samples, provided that the length is an even 
power of two.  (If the length specified by the user is not
an even power of two, it is automatically changed to an
even power of two by the program.)

The first display is interactive in the sense that there 
are seven different plotting parameters that can be 
adjusted by the user in order to produce plots that are 
visually useful in terms of the vertical scale, the 
horizontal scale, the location of tic marks, etc.  The
user can modify any of the parameters and then click a 
Graph button to have the graphs re-plotted using the new
parameters.

The second display (which appears in the upper center
of the screen) shows the locations of all of the poles and 
zeros in the z-plane.  The user can use the mouse to change
the location of any pair of complex conjgate poles or zeros
by first selecting a specific pair of poles or zeros and 
then clicking the new location in the z-plane.  This 
interactive capability makes it possible for the user to 
modify the design of the recursive filter in a completely
graphic manner by positioning the poles and zeros in the 
z-plane with the mouse.

Having relocated one or more pairs of poles or zeros in the
z-plane, the user can then click the Graph button in the 
first display described earlier to cause the new impulse 
response, the new amplitude response, and the new phase 
response of the new recursive filter with the modified pole
and zero locations to be computed and displayed.

The third display (that appears in the upper-right of the
screen) is a control panel that uses text fields, ordinary
buttons, and radio buttons to allow the user to perform the
following tasks.

1. Specify a new length for the impulse response as an even
power of two.  (Once again, if the user fails to specify an
even power of two, the value provided by the user is 
converted to an even power of two by the program.)

2. Cause all of the poles to be moved to the origin in the
z-plane.

3. Cause all of the zeros to be moved to the origin in the
z-plane.

4. Select a particular pair of complex conjugate poles or 
zeros to be relocated using the mouse in the display of the
z-plane.

5. View the angle described by each pole and zero relative
to the origin and the horizontal axis in the z-plane.

6. View the length of an imaginary vector that connects
each pole and zero to the origin.

7. Enter (into a text field) a new real or imaginary value
specifying the location of a pair of complex conjugate 
poles or zeros in the z-plane.

When a new real or imaginary value is entered, the angle 
and the length are automatically updated to reflect the new
location of the pole or zero and the display of the pole or
zero in the z-plane is also updated to show the new 
location.

Conversely, when the mouse is used to relocate a pole or
zero in the z-plane display, the corresponding real and 
imaginary values in the text fields and the corresponding 
angle and length are automatically updated to reflect the 
new location for the pole or zero.

Note that mainly for convenience (but for technical reasons
as well), the angle and length in the text fields and the
location of the pole or zero in the Z-plane display are 
updated as the user enters each character into the text 
field.  If the user enters text into the text field that 
cannot be converted into a numeric value of type double, 
(such as the pair of characters "-." for example) the 
contents of the text field are automatically converted to a
single "0" character.  A warning message is displayed on 
the command-line screen when this happens.  There is no 
long-term harm when this occurs, but the user may need to 
start over to enter the new value.  Thus, the user should
exercise some care regarding the order in which the 
characters in the text field are modified when entering new
real and imaginary values.

Each time the impulse response and the spectral data are 
plotted, the seventeen feed-forward filter coefficients and
the sixteen feedback coefficients used by the recursive 
filter to produce the output being plotted are displayed on
the command-line screen.

Usage: This program requires access to the following source
code or class files, which were published in earlier 
tutorials:

GraphIntfc01
ForwardRealToComplexFFT01
Graph03

Enter the following command at the command prompt to run 
the program:

java Graph03 Dsp046.

Tested using J2SE 5.0 under WinXP.  J2SE 5.0 or later is
required due to the use of static imports and printf.
**********************************************************/
import static java.lang.Math.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;

class Dsp046 implements GraphIntfc01{
  
  //The value stored in the following variable specifies
  // the number of samples of the impulse response that are
  // captured.  The impulse response serves as the input to
  // an FFT for the purpose of estimating the amplitude and
  // phase response of the recursive filter.  This data
  // length must be a power of 2 for the FFT program to
  // work correctly.  If the user enters a value for the
  // data length that is not a power of two, the value is
  // automatically converted to a power of two by the
  // program.
  int dataLength;
  double[] impulseResponse;
  double[] fourierAmplitudeRespnse;
  double[] fourierPhaseAngle;
  double[] vectorAmplitudeResponse;
  double[] vectorPhaseAngle;
  //This variable contains a reference to a user input GUI
  // containing buttons, radio buttons, and text fields.
  InputGUI inputGUI = null;
  //-----------------------------------------------------//

  Dsp046(){//constructor
    //If the InputGUI object doesn't already exist,
    // create it.  However, if it already exists, retrieve
    // the reference to the object from a static variable
    // belonging to the InputGUI class.  This is
    // necessary because a new object of the Dsp046 class
    // is instantiated each time the user clicks the Graph
    // button on the main (Graph03) GUI.  However, the
    // InputGUI object needs to persist across many
    // clicks of that button because it stores the state of
    // the poles and zeros designed by the user. When the
    // InputGUI object is first created, its pole and
    // zero text fields are initialized with a set of 
    // default pole and zero data values.  Its data length
    // text field is initialized to 1024 samples.
    if(InputGUI.refToObj == null){
      //Instantiate a new InputGUI object.
      inputGUI = new InputGUI();

      //Initialize the length of the array objects that
      // will contain pole and zero data to a value that is
      // maintained in the InputGUI object.
      double[] defaultPoleReal = 
                        new double[inputGUI.numberPoles/2];
      double[] defaultPoleImag = 
                        new double[inputGUI.numberPoles/2];
      double[] defaultZeroReal = 
                        new double[inputGUI.numberZeros/2];
      double[] defaultZeroImag = 
                        new double[inputGUI.numberZeros/2];

      //Create the default data for eight pairs of complex
      // conjugate poles spaced at 20-degree intervals
      // around the unit circle.  These are the locations
      // of the poles in the complex z-plane.  The poles
      // are barely (0.995) inside the unit circle.
      for(int cnt = 0;cnt < inputGUI.numberPoles/2;cnt++){
        defaultPoleReal[cnt] = 
                           0.995*cos((20+20*cnt)*PI/180.0);
        defaultPoleImag[cnt] = 
                           0.995*sin((20+20*cnt)*PI/180.0);
      }//end for loop
  
      //Create the default data for eight pairs of complex
      // conjugate zeros spaced at 20-degree intervals
      // around the unit circle.  These are the locations
      // of the zeros in the complex z-plane.  The zero
      // positions are half way between the pole positions.
      for(int cnt = 0;cnt < inputGUI.numberZeros/2;cnt++){
        defaultZeroReal[cnt] = 
                           0.995*cos((10+20*cnt)*PI/180.0);
        defaultZeroImag[cnt] = 
                           0.995*sin((10+20*cnt)*PI/180.0);
      }//end for loop
    
      //At various points in the program, you may notice
      // that I have performed separate iterations on
      // poles and zeros even though the number of poles
      // is the same as the number of zeros, and I could
      // have combined them.  I did this to make it
      // possible to modify the number of poles or the
      // number of zeros later without the requirement for
      // a major overhaul of the program source code.
    
      //Initialize the real and imaginary text fields in
      // the InputGUI object with the default real and
      // imaginary pole and zero values.
      //Start by setting the pole values.
      for(int cnt = 0;cnt < inputGUI.numberPoles/2;cnt++){
        inputGUI.poleReal[cnt].setText(
                     String.valueOf(defaultPoleReal[cnt]));
        inputGUI.poleImag[cnt].setText(
                     String.valueOf(defaultPoleImag[cnt]));
      }//end for loop

      //Now set the zero values.
      for(int cnt = 0;cnt < inputGUI.numberZeros/2;cnt++){
        inputGUI.zeroReal[cnt].
             setText(String.valueOf(defaultZeroReal[cnt]));
        inputGUI.zeroImag[cnt].setText(
                     String.valueOf(defaultZeroImag[cnt]));
      }//end for loop

      //Get the default data length from the new object.
      // There is no requirement to convert it to a power
      // of two because a power of two is hard-coded into
      // the program as the default value.
      dataLength = Integer.parseInt(
                       inputGUI.dataLengthField.getText());
      
    }else{//An InputGUI object already exists.
      //Retrieve the reference to the existing object that
      // was saved earlier.
      inputGUI = InputGUI.refToObj;
      //Get the current data length from the object.  This
      // value may have been modified by the user and may
      // not be an even power of two.  Convert it to an
      // even power of two and store the converted value
      // back into the text field in the existing object.
      dataLength = Integer.parseInt(
                       inputGUI.dataLengthField.getText());
      dataLength = convertToPowerOfTwo(dataLength);
      inputGUI.dataLengthField.setText("" + dataLength);
    }//end if
    
    //Establish the length of some arrays based on the
    // current data length
    impulseResponse = new double[dataLength];
    fourierAmplitudeRespnse = new double[dataLength];
    fourierPhaseAngle = new double[dataLength];

    //Compute and save the impulse response of the filter.
    // The following code implements a recursive filtering
    // operation based on the poles and zeros previously
    // established.  However, the conversion from poles
    // and zeros to feedForward and feedback coefficients
    // are not routinely involved in the application of a
    // recursive filter to input data. Therefore, there is
    // more code here than would be needed for a routine
    // recursive filtering operation.
    
    //Invoke the captureTextFieldData method on the
    // InputGUI object to cause the current values in the
    // text fields describing the poles and zeros to be
    // converted into double values and stored in arrays.
    inputGUI.captureTextFieldData();
    
    //Create the feedback coefficient array based on the
    // values stored in the text fields of the InputGUI
    // object.  The process is to first multiply the roots
    // corresponding to each of eight pairs of complex
    // conjugate poles.  This produces eight second-order
    // polynomials.  These second-order polynomials are
    // multiplied in pairs to produce four fourth-order
    // polynomials.  These four fourth-order polynomials
    // are multiplied in pairs to produce two eighth-order
    // polynomials.  The two eighth-order polynomials are
    // multiplied to produce one sixteenth-order
    // polynomial.
    //The algebraic sign of the real and imag values were
    // changed to make them match the format of a root
    // located at a+jb.  The format of the root is
    // (x-a-jb)
    //Multiply two pairs of complex conjugate roots to
    // produce two second-order polynomials.
    double[] temp1 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.poleRealData[0],-inputGUI.poleImagData[0]);
    double[] temp2 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.poleRealData[1],-inputGUI.poleImagData[1]);
    //Multiply a pair of second-order polynomials to
    // produce a fourth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp3 = secondToFourthOrder(
                      temp1[1],temp1[2],temp2[1],temp2[2]);

    //Multiply two pairs of complex conjugate roots to
    // produce two second-order polynomials.
    double[] temp4 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.poleRealData[2],-inputGUI.poleImagData[2]);
    double[] temp5 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.poleRealData[3],-inputGUI.poleImagData[3]);
    //Multiply a pair of second-order polynomials to
    // produce a fourth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp6 = secondToFourthOrder(
                      temp4[1],temp4[2],temp5[1],temp5[2]);
    //Multiply a pair of fourth-order polynomials to
    // produce an eighth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp7 = fourthToEighthOrder(
                      temp3[1],temp3[2],temp3[3],temp3[4],
                      temp6[1],temp6[2],temp6[3],temp6[4]);
                      
    //Multiply two pairs of complex conjugate roots to
    // produce two second-order polynomials.
    double[] temp11 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.poleRealData[4],-inputGUI.poleImagData[4]);
    double[] temp12 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.poleRealData[5],-inputGUI.poleImagData[5]);
    //Multiply a pair of second-order polynomials to
    // produce a fourth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp13 = secondToFourthOrder(
                  temp11[1],temp11[2],temp12[1],temp12[2]);

    //Multiply two pairs of complex conjugate roots to
    // produce two second-order polynomials.
    double[] temp14 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.poleRealData[6],-inputGUI.poleImagData[6]);
    double[] temp15 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.poleRealData[7],-inputGUI.poleImagData[7]);
    //Multiply a pair of second-order polynomials to
    // produce a fourth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp16 = secondToFourthOrder(
                  temp14[1],temp14[2],temp15[1],temp15[2]);
    //Multiply a pair of fourth-order polynomials to
    // produce an eighth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp17 = fourthToEighthOrder(
                  temp13[1],temp13[2],temp13[3],temp13[4],
                  temp16[1],temp16[2],temp16[3],temp16[4]);

    //Perform the final polynomial multiplication,
    // multiplying a pair of eighth-order polynomials to
    // produce a sixteenth-order polynomial.  Place the
    // coefficients of the sixteenth-order polynomial in
    // the feedback coefficient array.
    double[] feedbackCoefficientArray = 
                eighthToSixteenthOrder(
                  temp7[1],temp7[2],temp7[3],temp7[4],
                  temp7[5],temp7[6],temp7[7],temp7[8],
                  temp17[1],temp17[2],temp17[3],temp17[4],
                  temp17[5],temp17[6],temp17[7],temp17[8]);

    //Determine the length of the delay line required to
    // perform the feedback arithmetic.
    int feedbackDelayLineLength = 
                           feedbackCoefficientArray.length;
    
    //Create the feedForward coefficient array based on
    // the values stored in the text fields of the
    // InputGUI object.  The process is  the same as
    // described above for the poles.
    
    //Multiply two pairs of complex conjugate roots to
    // produce two second-order polynomials.
    double[] temp21 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.zeroRealData[0],-inputGUI.zeroImagData[0]);
    double[] temp22 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.zeroRealData[1],-inputGUI.zeroImagData[1]);
    //Multiply a pair of second-order polynomials to
    // produce a fourth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp23 = secondToFourthOrder(
                  temp21[1],temp21[2],temp22[1],temp22[2]);

    //Multiply two pairs of complex conjugate roots to
    // produce two second-order polynomials.
    double[] temp24 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.zeroRealData[2],-inputGUI.zeroImagData[2]);
    double[] temp25 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.zeroRealData[3],-inputGUI.zeroImagData[3]);
    //Multiply a pair of second-order polynomials to
    // produce a fourth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp26 = secondToFourthOrder(
                  temp24[1],temp24[2],temp25[1],temp25[2]);
    //Multiply a pair of fourth-order polynomials to
    // produce an eighth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp27 = fourthToEighthOrder(
                  temp23[1],temp23[2],temp23[3],temp23[4],
                  temp26[1],temp26[2],temp26[3],temp26[4]);

    //Multiply two pairs of complex conjugate roots to
    // produce two second-order polynomials.
    double[] temp31 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.zeroRealData[4],-inputGUI.zeroImagData[4]);
    double[] temp32 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.zeroRealData[5],-inputGUI.zeroImagData[5]);
    //Multiply a pair of second-order polynomials to
    // produce a fourth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp33 = secondToFourthOrder(
                  temp31[1],temp31[2],temp32[1],temp32[2]);

    //Multiply two pairs of complex conjugate roots to
    // produce two second-order polynomials.
    double[] temp34 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.zeroRealData[6],-inputGUI.zeroImagData[6]);
    double[] temp35 = conjToSecondOrder(
      -inputGUI.zeroRealData[7],-inputGUI.zeroImagData[7]);
    //Multiply a pair of second-order polynomials to
    // produce a fourth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp36 = secondToFourthOrder(
                  temp34[1],temp34[2],temp35[1],temp35[2]);
    //Multiply a pair of fourth-order polynomials to
    // produce an eighth-order polynomial.
    double[] temp37 = fourthToEighthOrder(
                  temp33[1],temp33[2],temp33[3],temp33[4],
                  temp36[1],temp36[2],temp36[3],temp36[4]);

    //Perform the final polynomial multiplication,
    // multiplying a pair of eighth-order polynomials to
    // produce a sixteenth-order polynomial.  Place the
    // coefficients of the sixteenth-order polynomial in
    // the feedForward coefficient array.
    double[] feedForwardCoefficientArray = 
                eighthToSixteenthOrder(
                  temp27[1],temp27[2],temp27[3],temp27[4],
                  temp27[5],temp27[6],temp27[7],temp27[8],
                  temp37[1],temp37[2],temp37[3],temp37[4],
                  temp37[5],temp37[6],temp37[7],temp37[8]);

    //Determine the length of the delay line required to
    // perform the feedForward arithmetic.
    int feedForwardDelayLineLength = 
                        feedForwardCoefficientArray.length;

    //Display the feedForward and feedback coefficients
    System.out.println(
                  "Feed-Forward (Numerator) Coefficients");
    for(int cnt = 0;
            cnt < feedForwardCoefficientArray.length;
            cnt++){
      System.out.printf ("%2d % 5.3f%n",cnt,
                         feedForwardCoefficientArray[cnt]);
    }//end for loop
    
    System.out.println(
                  "nFeedback (Denominator) Coefficients");
    for(int cnt = 1;
            cnt < feedbackCoefficientArray.length;
            cnt++){
      System.out.printf ("%2d % 5.3f%n",cnt,
                            feedbackCoefficientArray[cnt]);
    }//end for loop
    System.out.println();

    //Create the data delay lines used for feedForward
    // and feedback arithmetic.
    double[] feedForwardDelayLine = 
                    new double[feedForwardDelayLineLength];
    double[] feedbackDelayLine = 
                       new double[feedbackDelayLineLength];
    
    //Initial input and output data values
    double filterInputSample = 0;//input data
    double filterOutputSample = 0;//output data
    
    //Compute the output values and populate the output
    // array for further analysis such as FFT analysis.
    // This is the code that actually applies the
    // recursive filter to the input data given the
    // feedForward and feedback coefficients.
    for(int dataLenCnt = 0;dataLenCnt < dataLength;
                                             dataLenCnt++){
      //Create the input samples consisting of a single
      // impulse at time zero and sample values of 0
      // thereafter.
      if(dataLenCnt == 0){
        filterInputSample = 100.0;
      }else{
        filterInputSample = 0.0;
      }//end else

      //*************************************************//
      //This is the beginning of one cycle of the actual
      // recursive filtering process.
      
      //Shift the data in the delay lines.  Oldest value
      // has the highest index value.
      for(int cnt = feedForwardDelayLineLength-1; 
                                            cnt > 0;cnt--){
        feedForwardDelayLine[cnt] = 
                               feedForwardDelayLine[cnt-1];
      }//end for loop
  
      for(int cnt = feedbackDelayLineLength-1; 
                                            cnt > 0;cnt--){
        feedbackDelayLine[cnt] = feedbackDelayLine[cnt-1];
      }//end for loop
     
      //Insert the input signal into the delay line at
      // zero index.
      feedForwardDelayLine[0] = filterInputSample;
      
      //Compute sum of products for input signal and
      // feedForward coefficients from 0 to
      // feedForwardDelayLineLength-1.
      double xTemp = 0;
      for(int cnt = 0;cnt < feedForwardDelayLineLength;
                                                    cnt++){
        xTemp += feedForwardCoefficientArray[cnt]*
                                 feedForwardDelayLine[cnt];
      }//end for loop
  
      //Compute sum of products for previous output values
      // and feedback coefficients from 1 to
      // feedbackDelayLineLength-1.
      double yTemp = 0;
      for(int cnt = 1;cnt < feedbackDelayLineLength;cnt++){
        yTemp += feedbackCoefficientArray[cnt]*
                                    feedbackDelayLine[cnt];
      }//end for loop
      
      //Compute new output value as the difference.
      filterOutputSample = xTemp - yTemp;
      
      //Save the output value in the array containing the
      // impulse response.
      impulseResponse[dataLenCnt] = filterOutputSample;
      
      //Insert the output signal into the delay line at
      // zero index.
      feedbackDelayLine[0] = filterOutputSample;
      
      //This is the end of one cycle of the recursive
      // filtering process.
      //*************************************************//
    }//end for loop
    
    //Now compute the Fourier Transform of the impulse
    // response, placing the magnitude result from the FFT
    // program into the fourierAmplitudeRespnse array  and
    // the phase angle result in the fourierPhaseAngle
    // array, each to be plotted later.
    ForwardRealToComplexFFT01.transform(
                                  impulseResponse,
                                  new double[dataLength],
                                  new double[dataLength],
                                  fourierPhaseAngle,
                                  fourierAmplitudeRespnse);
                                    
    /*DO NOT DELETE THIS CODE
    //Note that this normalization code is redundant
    // because of the normalization that takes place in
    // the method named convertToDB later.  However, if
    // the conversion to decibels is disabled, the
    // following code should be enabled.
    //Scale the fourierAmplitudeRespnse to compensate for
    // the differences in data length.
    for(int cnt = 0;cnt < fourierAmplitudeRespnse.length;
                                                    cnt++){
      fourierAmplitudeRespnse[cnt] = 
           fourierAmplitudeRespnse[cnt]*dataLength/16384.0;
    }//end for loop
    */

    //Compute the amplitude response based on the ratio of
    // the products of the pole and zero vectors.  
    vectorAmplitudeResponse = getVectorAmplitudeResponse(
                                    inputGUI.poleRealData,
                                    inputGUI.poleImagData,
                                    inputGUI.zeroRealData,
                                    inputGUI.zeroImagData);

    //Compute the phase angle based on sum and difference
    // of the angles of the pole and zero vectors.
    vectorPhaseAngle = getVectorPhaseAngle(
                                    inputGUI.poleRealData,
                                    inputGUI.poleImagData,
                                    inputGUI.zeroRealData,
                                    inputGUI.zeroImagData);
                                 
    //Convert the fourierAmplitudeRespnse data to decibels.
    // Disable the following statement to disable the
    // conversion to decibels.
    convertToDB(fourierAmplitudeRespnse);
    
    //Convert the vectorAmplitudeResponse to decibels.
    // Disable the following statement to disable the
    // conversion to decibels.
    convertToDB(vectorAmplitudeResponse);
      
  }//end constructor
  //-----------------------------------------------------//
  
  //The purpose of this method is to convert an incoming
  // array containing amplitude response data to decibels.
  void convertToDB(double[] magnitude){
    //Eliminate or modify all values that are incompatible
    // with conversion to log base 10 and the log10 method.
    //  Also limit small values to be no less than 0.0001.
    for(int cnt = 0;cnt < magnitude.length;cnt++){
      if((magnitude[cnt] == Double.NaN) || 
                               (magnitude[cnt] <= 0.0001)){
        magnitude[cnt] = 0.0001;
      }else if(magnitude[cnt] == Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY){
        magnitude[cnt] = 9999999999.0;
      }//end else if
    }//end for loop
    
    //Find the peak value for use in normalization.
    double peak = -9999999999.0;
    for(int cnt = 0;cnt < magnitude.length;cnt++){
      if(peak < abs(magnitude[cnt])){
        peak = abs(magnitude[cnt]);
      }//end if
    }//end for loop

    //Normalize to the peak value to make the values easier
    // to plot with regard to scaling.
    for(int cnt = 0;cnt < magnitude.length;cnt++){
      magnitude[cnt] = magnitude[cnt]/peak;
    }//end for loop
    
    //Now convert normalized magnitude data to log base 10.
    for(int cnt = 0;cnt < magnitude.length;cnt++){
      magnitude[cnt] = log10(magnitude[cnt]);
    }//end for loop
    
  }//end convertToDB
  //-----------------------------------------------------//
  
  //This method makes certain that the incoming value is a
  // non-zero positive power of two that is less than or
  // equal to 16384. If the input is not equal to either a
  // power of two or one less than a power of two, it is
  // truncated to the next lower power of two.  If it is
  // either a power of two or one less than a power of two,
  // the returned value is that power of two.  Negative
  // input values are converted to positive values before
  // making the conversion.
  int convertToPowerOfTwo(int dataLength){
    //Eliminate negative values
    dataLength = abs(dataLength);
    //Make sure the data length is not zero by adding a
    // value of 1.
    dataLength++;
    //Make sure the data length is not greater than 16384.
    if(dataLength > 16384){
      dataLength = 16384;
    }//end if
    
    int cnt = 0;
    int mask = 0x4000;
    //Loop and left shift left until the msb of the data
    // length value matches 0x4000.  Count the number of
    // shifts required to make the match.  No shifts are
    // required for a data length of 16384.
    while((dataLength & mask) == 0){
      cnt++;
      dataLength = dataLength << 1;
    }//end while loop

    //Now shift the mask to the right the same number of
    // places as were required to make the above match.
    // Because the mask consists of a single bit, this
    // guarantees that the resulting value is an even
    // power of two.
    dataLength = mask >> cnt;

    return dataLength;
  }//end convertToPowerOfTwo
  //-----------------------------------------------------//

  //The amplitude response of the recursive filter at a
  // given frequency (a point on the unit circle) can be
  // estimated by dividing the product of the lengths of
  // the vectors connecting that point on the unit circle
  // to all of the zeros by the product of the lengths of
  // the vectors connecting the same point on the unit
  // circle to all of the poles.  The amplitude response
  // at all frequencies between zero and the Nyquist
  // folding frequency can be estimated by performing this
  // calculation at all points in the top half of the unit
  // circle.
  //The bottom half of the unit circle provides the
  // amplitude response for frequencies between the Nyquist
  // folding frequency and the sampling frequency. These
  // values are redundant because they are the same as the
  // values below the folding frequency.
  //Despite the redundancy, this method computes the
  // amplitude response at a set of frequencies between
  // zero and the sampling frequency where the number of
  // frequencies in the set is equal to the data length.
  // This causes the amplitude response to be computed at
  // a set of frequencies that matches the set of
  // frequencies for which the amplitude response is
  // computed using the FFT algorithm, making it easier
  // to plot the two for comparison purposes.
  double[] getVectorAmplitudeResponse(
                                    double[] poleRealData,
                                    double[] poleImagData,
                                    double[] zeroRealData,
                                    double[] zeroImagData){
    double[] amplitudeResponse = new double[dataLength];
    double freqAngle = 0;
    double freqHorizComponent = 0;
    double freqVertComponent = 0;
    
    //Divide the unit circle into dataLength frequencies
    // and compute the amplitude response at each
    // frequency.
    for(int freqCnt = 0;freqCnt < dataLength;freqCnt++){
      //Get the angle from the origin to the point on the
      // unit circle relative to the horizontal axis.
      freqAngle = freqCnt*2*PI/dataLength;

      //Get the horizontal and vertical components of the
      // distance from the origin to the point on the unit
      // circle.
      freqHorizComponent = cos(freqAngle);
      freqVertComponent = sin(freqAngle);
      
      //Compute the product of the lengths from the point
      // on the unit circle to each of the zeros.
      //Get the distance from the point on the unit circle
      // to each zero as the square root of the sum of the
      // squares of the sides of a right triangle formed
      // by the zero and the point on the unit circle with
      // the base of the triangle being parallel to the
      // horizontal axis.
      //Declare some working variables.
      double base;//Base of the right triangle
      double height;//Height of the right triangle
      double hypo;//Hypotenuse of the right triangle
      
      double zeroProduct = 1.0;//Initialize the product.
      //Loop and process all complex conjugate zeros
      for(int cnt = 0;cnt < zeroRealData.length;cnt++){
        //First compute the product for a zero in the
        // upper half of the z-plane
        //Get base of triangle
        base = freqHorizComponent - zeroRealData[cnt];
        //Get height of triangle
        height = freqVertComponent - zeroImagData[cnt];
        //Get hypotenuse of triangle
        hypo = sqrt(base*base + height*height);
        
        //Compute the running product.
        zeroProduct *= hypo;

        //Continue computing the running product using the
        // conjugate zero in the lower half of the z-plane.
        // Note the sign change on the imaginary
        // part.
        base = freqHorizComponent - zeroRealData[cnt];
        height = freqVertComponent + zeroImagData[cnt];
        hypo = sqrt(base*base + height*height);
        zeroProduct *= hypo;
      }//end for loop - all zeros have been processed

      //Now compute the product of the lengths to the
      // poles.
      double poleProduct = 1.0;//Initialize the product.
      for(int cnt = 0;cnt < poleRealData.length;cnt++){
        //Begin with the pole in the upper half of the
        // z-plane.
        base = freqHorizComponent - poleRealData[cnt];
        height = freqVertComponent - poleImagData[cnt];
        hypo = sqrt(base*base + height*height);

        //Compute the running product.
        poleProduct *= hypo;

        //Continue computing the running product using the
        // conjugate pole in the lower half of the z-plane.
        // Note the sign change on the imaginary part.
        base = freqHorizComponent - poleRealData[cnt];
        height = freqVertComponent + poleImagData[cnt];
        hypo = sqrt(base*base + height*height);
        poleProduct *= hypo;//product of lengths
      }//end for loop
      
      //Divide the zeroProduct by the poleProduct.
      //Compute and save the amplitudeResponse for this
      // frequency and then go back to the top of the loop
      // and compute the amplitudeResponse for the next
      // frequency.
      amplitudeResponse[freqCnt] = zeroProduct/poleProduct;
      
    }//end for loop on data length - all frequencies done

    return amplitudeResponse;
  }//end getVectorAmplitudeResponse
  //-----------------------------------------------------//

  //The phase angle of the recursive filter at a
  // particular frequency (represented by a point on the
  // unit circle) can be determined by subtracting the sum
  // of the angles from the point on the unit circle to all
  // of the poles from the sum of the angles from the same
  // point on the unit circle to all of the zeros.
  //The phase angle for an equally-spaced set of
  // frequencies between zero and the sampling frequency is
  // computed in radians and then converted to degrees in
  // the range from -180 degrees to +180 degrees for return
  // to the calling program.
  double[] getVectorPhaseAngle(double[] poleRealData,
                               double[] poleImagData,
                               double[] zeroRealData,
                               double[] zeroImagData){
    double[] phaseResponse = new double[dataLength];
    double freqAngle = 0;
    double freqHorizComponent = 0;
    double freqVertComponent = 0;
    
    //Divide the unit circle into dataLength frequencies
    // and compute the phase angle at each frequency.
    for(int freqCnt = 0;freqCnt < dataLength;freqCnt++){
      //Note that the following reference to an angle is
      // not a reference to the phase angle.  Rather, it
      // is a reference to the angle of a point on the unit
      // circle relative to the horizontal axis and the
      // origin of the z-plane.
      freqAngle = freqCnt * 2 * PI/dataLength;

      //Get the horizontal and vertical components of the
      // distance from the origin to the point on the unit
      // circle.
      freqHorizComponent = cos(freqAngle);
      freqVertComponent = sin(freqAngle);
      
      //Begin by processing all of the complex conjugate
      // zeros.
      //Compute the angle from the point on the unit circle
      // to each of the zeros.  Retain as an angle between
      // zero and 2*PI (360 degrees).
      //Declare some working variables.
      double base;//Base of a right triangle
      double height;//Height of a right triangle
      double zeroAngle;

      double zeroAngleSum = 0;      
      //Loop and process all complex conjugate zeros
      for(int cnt = 0;cnt < zeroRealData.length;cnt++){
        //Compute using the zero in upper the half of the
        // z-plane.
        //Get base of triangle
        base = -(freqHorizComponent - zeroRealData[cnt]);
        //Get height of triangle
        height = -(freqVertComponent - zeroImagData[cnt]);
        
        if(base == 0){//Avoid division by zero.
          zeroAngle = PI/2.0;//90 degees
        }else{//Compute the angle.
          zeroAngle = atan(height/base);
        }//end else

        //Adjust for negative coordinates
        if((base < 0) && (height > 0)){
          zeroAngle = PI + zeroAngle;
        }else if((base < 0) && (height < 0)){
          zeroAngle = PI + zeroAngle;
        }else if((base > 0) && (height < 0)){
          zeroAngle = 2*PI + zeroAngle;
        }//end else
      
        //Compute the running sum of the angles.
        zeroAngleSum += zeroAngle;

        //Continue computing the running sum of angles
        // using the conjugate zero in the lower half of
        // the z-plane.  Note the sign change on the
        // imaginary part.
        base = -(freqHorizComponent - zeroRealData[cnt]);
        height = -(freqVertComponent + zeroImagData[cnt]);

        if(base == 0){
          zeroAngle = 3*PI/2.0;//270 degees
        }else{
          zeroAngle = atan(height/base);
        }//end else
        
        //Adjust for negative coordinates
        if((base < 0) && (height > 0)){
          zeroAngle = PI + zeroAngle;
        }else if((base < 0) && (height < 0)){
          zeroAngle = PI + zeroAngle;
        }else if((base > 0) && (height < 0)){
          zeroAngle = 2*PI + zeroAngle;
        }//end else

        //Add the angle into the running sum of zero
        // angles.
        zeroAngleSum += zeroAngle;

      }//end for loop - all zeros have been processed


      //Now compute the sum of the angles from the point
      // on the unit circle to each of the poles.
      double poleAngle;
      double poleAngleSum = 0;      
      //Loop and process all complex conjugate poles
      for(int cnt = 0;cnt < poleRealData.length;cnt++){
        //Compute using pole in the upper half of the
        // z-plane
        base = -(freqHorizComponent - poleRealData[cnt]);
        height = -(freqVertComponent - poleImagData[cnt]);
        if(base == 0){//Avoid division by zero
          poleAngle = PI/2.0;//90 degees
        }else{
          poleAngle = atan(height/base);
        }//end else

        //Adjust for negative coordinates
        if((base < 0) && (height > 0)){
          poleAngle = PI + poleAngle;
        }else if((base < 0) && (height < 0)){
          poleAngle = PI + poleAngle;
        }else if((base > 0) && (height < 0)){
          poleAngle = 2*PI + poleAngle;
        }//end else

        //Compute the running sum of the angles.
        poleAngleSum += poleAngle;

        //Continue computing the sum of angles using the
        // conjugate pole in the lower half of the Z-plane.
        // Note the sign change on the imaginary part.
        base = -(freqHorizComponent - poleRealData[cnt]);
        height = -(freqVertComponent + poleImagData[cnt]);

        if(base == 0){//Avoid division by 0.
          poleAngle = 3*PI/2.0;//270 degees
        }else{
          poleAngle = atan(height/base);
        }//end else
        
        //Adjust for negative coordinates
        if((base < 0) && (height > 0)){
          poleAngle = PI + poleAngle;
        }else if((base < 0) && (height < 0)){
          poleAngle = PI + poleAngle;
        }else if((base > 0) && (height < 0)){
          poleAngle = 2*PI + poleAngle;
        }//end else

        poleAngleSum += poleAngle;
      }//end for loop - all poles have been processed

      //Subtract the sum of the pole angles from the sum of
      // the zero angles.  Convert the angle from radians
      // to degrees in the process.
      //Note that the minus sign in the following
      // expression is required to cause the sign of the
      // angle computed using this approach to match the
      // sign of the angle computed by the FFT algorithm.
      // This indicates that either this computation or the
      // FFT computation is producing a phase angle having
      // the wrong sign.
      double netAngle = 
                     -(zeroAngleSum - poleAngleSum)*180/PI;
      
      //Normalize the angle to the range from -180 degrees 
      // to +180 degrees to make it easier to plot.
      if(netAngle > 180){
        while(netAngle > 180){
          netAngle -= 360;
        }//end while
      }else if(netAngle < -180){
        while(netAngle < -180){
          netAngle += 360;
        }//end while
      }//end else if

      //Save the phase angle for this frequency and then go
      // back to the top of the loop and compute the phase
      // angle for the next frequency.
      phaseResponse[freqCnt] = netAngle;

    }//end for loop on data length - all frequencies done

    return phaseResponse;
  }//end getVectorPhaseAngle  
  //-----------------------------------------------------//

  //Receives the complex conjugate roots of a second-order
  // polynomial in the form (a+jb)(a-jb).  Multiplies the
  // roots and returns the coefficients of the second-order
  // polynomial as x*x + 2*a*x + (a*a + b*b) in a three
  // element array of type double.
  double[] conjToSecondOrder(double a,double b){
    double[] result = new double[]{1,2*a,(a*a + b*b)};
    return result;
  }//end conjToSecondOrder
  //-----------------------------------------------------//
  
  //Receives the coefficients of a pair of second-order
  // polynomials in the form:
  // x*x + a*x + b
  // x*x + c*x + d
  //Multiplies the polynomials and returns the coefficients
  // of a fourth-order polynomial in a five-element array
  // of type double.
  double[] secondToFourthOrder(double a,double b,
                               double c,double d){
    double[] result = new double[]{1,
                                   a + c,
                                   b + c*a + d,
                                       c*b + d*a,
                                             d*b};
    return result;
  }//end secondToFourthOrder
  //-----------------------------------------------------//
  
  //Receives the coeficients of a pair of fourth order
  // polynomials in the form:
  // x*x*x*x + a*x*x*x + b*x*x + c*x + d
  // x*x*x*x + e*x*x*x + f*x*x + g*x + h
  //Multiplies the polynomials and returns the coefficients
  // of an eighth-order polynomial in a nine-element
  // array of type double.
  double[] fourthToEighthOrder(double a,double b,
                               double c,double d,
                               double e,double f,
                               double g,double h){
    double[] result = new double[]{
                               1,
                               a + e,
                               b + e*a + f,
                               c + e*b + f*a + g,
                               d + e*c + f*b + g*a + h,
                                   e*d + f*c + g*b + h*a,
                                         f*d + g*c + h*b,
                                               g*d + h*c,
                                                     h*d};
    return result;
  }//end fourthToEighthOrder
  //-----------------------------------------------------//
  
  //Receives the coefficients of a pair of eighth order
  // polynomials in the following form where xn indicates
  // x to the nth power:
  // x8 + ax7 + bx6 + cx5 + dx4 + ex3 + fx2 + gx + h
  // x8 + ix7 + jx6 + kx5 + lx4 + mx3 + nx2 + ox + p
  //Multiplies the polynomials and returns the coefficients
  // of a sixteenth-order polynomial in a 17-element
  // array of type double
  double[] eighthToSixteenthOrder(double a,double b,
                                  double c,double d,
                                  double e,double f,
                                  double g,double h,
                                  double i,double j,
                                  double k,double l,
                                  double m,double n,
                                  double o,double p){
    double[] result = new double[]{
                       1,
                       a+i,
                       b+i*a+j,
                       c+i*b+j*a+k,
                       d+i*c+j*b+k*a+l,
                       e+i*d+j*c+k*b+l*a+m,
                       f+i*e+j*d+k*c+l*b+m*a+n,
                       g+i*f+j*e+k*d+l*c+m*b+n*a+o,
                       h+i*g+j*f+k*e+l*d+m*c+n*b+o*a+p,
                         i*h+j*g+k*f+l*e+m*d+n*c+o*b+p*a,
                             j*h+k*g+l*f+m*e+n*d+o*c+p*b,
                                 k*h+l*g+m*f+n*e+o*d+p*c,
                                     l*h+m*g+n*f+o*e+p*d,
                                         m*h+n*g+o*f+p*e,
                                             n*h+o*g+p*f,
                                                 o*h+p*g,
                                                     p*h};
    return result;
  }//end eighthToSixteenthOrder                       
  //-----------------------------------------------------//
  
  //The following six methods are declared in the interface
  // named GraphIntfc01, and are required by the plotting
  // program named Graph03.
  //-----------------------------------------------------//

  //This method specifies the number of functions that will
  // be plotted by the program named Graph03.
  public int getNmbr(){
    //Return number of functions to
    // process.  Must not exceed 5.
    return 5;
  }//end getNmbr
  //-----------------------------------------------------//

  //This method returns the values that will be plotted in
  // the first graph by the program named Graph03.
  public double f1(double x){
    //Return the impulse response of the filter.
    if(((int)x >= 0) && ((int)x < impulseResponse.length)){
      return impulseResponse[(int)x];
    }else{
      return 0;
    }//end else
  }//end f1
  //-----------------------------------------------------//

  //This method returns the values that will be plotted in
  // the second graph by the program named Graph03.
  public double f2(double x){
    //Return the amplitude response of the recursive filter
    // obtained by performing a Fourier Transform on the
    // impulse response and converting the result to 
    // decibels.  Recall that adding a constant to a
    // decibel plot is equivalent to multiplying the 
    // original data by the constant.
    if(((int)x >= 0) && 
                ((int)x < fourierAmplitudeRespnse.length)){
      return 100 + 
                 (100.0 * fourierAmplitudeRespnse[(int)x]);
    }else{
      return 0;
    }//end else
  }//end f2
  //-----------------------------------------------------//

  //This method returns the values that will be plotted in
  // the third graph by the program named Graph03.
  public double f3(double x){
    //Return the amplitude response of the recursive filter
    // obtained by dividing the product of the zero vector
    // lengths by the product of the pole vector lengths
    // and converting the result to decibels.  Recall that
    // adding a constant to a decibel plot is equivalent to
    // multiplying the original data by the constant.
    if(((int)x >= 0) 
             && ((int)x < vectorAmplitudeResponse.length)){
      return 100 + 
                 (100.0 * vectorAmplitudeResponse[(int)x]);
    }else{
      return 0;
    }//end else
  }//end f3
  //-----------------------------------------------------//

  //This method returns the values that will be plotted in
  // the fourth graph by the program named Graph03.
  public double f4(double x){
    //Return the phase response of the recursive filter
    // obtained by performing a Fourier Transform on the
    // impulse response.
    if(((int)x >= 0) && 
                      ((int)x < fourierPhaseAngle.length)){
      return fourierPhaseAngle[(int)x];
    }else{
      return 0;
    }//end else
  }//end f4
  //-----------------------------------------------------//

  //This method returns the values that will be plotted in
  // the fifth graph by the program named Graph03.
  public double f5(double x){
    //Return the phase response of the recursive filter
    // obtained by subtracting the sum of the pole vector
    // angles from the sum of the zero vector angles.
    if(((int)x >= 0) && 
                       ((int)x < vectorPhaseAngle.length)){
      return vectorPhaseAngle[(int)x];
    }else{
      return 0;
    }//end else
  }//end f5

}//end class Dsp046
//=======================================================//



//An object of this class stores and displays the real and
// imaginary parts of sixteen complex poles and sixteen
// complex zeros.  The sixteen poles and sixteen zeros
// form eight conjugate pairs.  Thus, there are eight
// complex conjugate pairs of poles and eight complex
// conjugate pairs of zeros.
//The object also computes and displays the angle in
// degrees for each pole and each zero relative to the
// origin of the z-plane.  It also computes and displays
// the length of an imaginary vector connecting each
// pole and zero to the origin.
//The real and imaginary part for each pole or zero is
// displayed in a TextField object.  The user can modify
// the values by entering new values into the text fields.
// The user can also modify the real and imaginary values
// by selecting a radio button associated with a specific
// pole or zero and then clicking a new location for that
// pole or zero in an auxiliary display that shows the
// complex z-plane and the unit circle in that plane.  When
// the user clicks in the z-plane, the corresponding values
// in the text fields for the selected pole or zero are
// automatically updated.  When the user changes a real
// or imaginary value in a text field, the radio button 
// for that pole or zero is automatically selected, and 
// the image of that pole or zero in the z-plane is 
// automatically changed to show the new position of the
// pole or zero.
//Regardless of which method causes the contents of a text
// field to be modified, a TextListener that is registered
// on the text field causes the displayed angle and length
// to be updated to match the new real and imaginary
// values.
class InputGUI{
  //A reference to an object of this class is stored in the
  // following static variable.  This makes it possible for
  // the original object that created this object to cease
  // to exist without this object becoming eligible for
  // garbage collection.  When that original object is
  // replaced by a new object, the new object can assume
  // ownership of this object by getting its reference from
  // the static variable. Thus, ownership of this object
  // can be passed along from one object to the next.
  static InputGUI refToObj = null;
  
  //The following ButtonGroup object is used to group
  // radio buttons to cause them to behave in a mututlly
  // exclusive way.  The zero buttons and the pole buttons
  // are all placed in the same group so that only one zero
  // or one pole can be selected at any point in time.
  ButtonGroup buttonGroup = new ButtonGroup();
  
  //A reference to an auxiliary display showing the
  // z-plane is stored in the following instance variable.
  ZPlane refToZPlane;
  
  //This is the default number of poles and zeros
  // including the conjugates.  These values cannot be
  // changed by the user.  However, the effective number of
  // poles or zeros can be reduced by moving poles and/or
  // zeros to the origin in the z-plane, rendering them
  // ineffective in the recursive filtering process.
  // Moving poles and zeros to the origin causes feedback
  // and feed-forward zeros to go to zero.
  int numberPoles = 16;
  int numberZeros = 16;
  
  //The following variables refer to a pair of buttons used
  // to make it possible for the user to place all the
  // poles and zeros at the origin. In effect, these are
  // reset buttons relative to the pole and zero locations.
  JButton clearPolesButton = 
                       new JButton("Move Poles to Origin");
  JButton clearZerosButton = 
                       new JButton("Move Zeros to Origin");
  
  //The following text field stores the default data length
  // at startup.  This value can be changed by the user to
  // investigate the impact of changes to the data length
  // for a given set of poles and zeros.
  TextField dataLengthField = new TextField("1024");
  
  //The following array objects get populated with numeric
  // values from the text fields by the method named
  // captureTextFieldData.  That method should be called
  // to populate them with the most current text field
  // data when the most current data is needed.
  double[] poleRealData = new double[numberPoles/2];
  double[] poleImagData = new double[numberPoles/2];
  double[] zeroRealData = new double[numberZeros/2];
  double[] zeroImagData = new double[numberZeros/2];

  //The following arrays are populated with references to
  // radio buttons, each of which is associated with a
  // specific pair of complex conjugate poles or zeros.
  JRadioButton[] poleRadioButtons = 
                           new JRadioButton[numberPoles/2];
  JRadioButton[] zeroRadioButtons = 
                           new JRadioButton[numberZeros/2];

  //The following arrays are populated with references to
  // text fields, each of which is associated with a
  // specific pair of complex conjugate poles or zeros. 
  // The text fields contain the real values, imaginary
  // values, and the values of the angle and the length
  // specified by the real and imaginary values.
  //The size of the following arrays is only half the
  // number of poles and zeros because the conjugate is
  // generated on the fly when it is needed.
  //I wanted to use JTextField objects, but JTextField
  // doesn't have an addTextListener method.  I needed to
  // register a TextListener object on each real and
  // imaginary text field to compute the angle and length
  // each time the contents of a text field changes, so I
  // used the AWT TextField class instead.
  TextField[] poleReal = new TextField[numberPoles/2];
  TextField[] poleImag = new TextField[numberZeros/2];  
  TextField[] poleAngle = new TextField[numberZeros/2];
  TextField[] poleLength = new TextField[numberZeros/2];
  TextField[] zeroReal = new TextField[numberZeros/2];
  TextField[] zeroImag = new TextField[numberZeros/2];
  TextField[] zeroAngle = new TextField[numberZeros/2];
  TextField[] zeroLength = new TextField[numberZeros/2];
  //-----------------------------------------------------//
  
  InputGUI(){//constructor
  
    //Instantiate a new JFrame object and condition its
    // close button.
    JFrame guiFrame = 
                  new JFrame("Copyright 2006 R.G.Baldwin");
    guiFrame.setDefaultCloseOperation(
                                     JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
    
    //The following JPanel contains a JLabel, a TextField,
    // and two JButton objects.  The label simply provides
    // instructions to the user regarding the entry of a
    // new data length.  The text field is used for entry
    // of a new data length value by the user at runtime.
    // The buttons are used to cause the poles and zeros
    // to be moved to the origin in two groups.  Moving
    // both the poles and the zeros to the origin
    // effectively converts the recursive filter to an
    // all-pass filter.
    //This panel is placed in the NORTH location of the
    // JFrame resulting in the name northControlPanel
    JPanel northControlPanel = new JPanel();
    northControlPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(0,2));
    northControlPanel.
              add(new JLabel("Data Length as Power of 2"));
    northControlPanel.add(dataLengthField);
    northControlPanel.add(clearPolesButton);
    northControlPanel.add(clearZerosButton);
    guiFrame.add(northControlPanel,BorderLayout.NORTH);
    
    //Register an action listener on the clearPolesButton
    // to set the contents of the text fields that
    // represent the locations of the poles to 0.  This
    // also causes the poles to move to the origin in the
    // display of the z-plane.
    clearPolesButton.addActionListener(
      new ActionListener(){
        public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
          for(int cnt = 0;cnt < numberPoles/2;cnt++){
            poleReal[cnt].setText("0");
            poleImag[cnt].setText("0");
          }//end for loop
        }//end actionPerformed
      }//end new ActionListener
    );//end addActionListener(
      
    //Register action listener on the clearZerosButton to
    // set the contents of the text fields that
    // represent the locations of the zeros to 0  This
    // also causes the zeros to move to the origin in the
    // display of the z-plane.
    clearZerosButton.addActionListener(
      new ActionListener(){
        public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
          for(int cnt = 0;cnt < numberZeros/2;cnt++){
            zeroReal[cnt].setText("0");
            zeroImag[cnt].setText("0");
          }//end for loop
        }//end actionPerformed
      }//end new ActionListener
    );//end addActionListener(
      
    
    //The following JPanel object contains two other JPanel
    // objects, one for zeros and one for poles.  They 
    // are the same size with one located above the other.
    // The panel containing zero data is green.  The panel
    // containing pole data is yellow.  This panel is
    // placed in the CENTER of the JFrame object.  Hence
    // the name centerControlPanel.
    JPanel centerControlPanel = new JPanel();
    centerControlPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(2,1));
    
    //The following JPanel is populated with text fields
    // and radio buttons that represent the zeros.
    JPanel zeroPanel = new JPanel();
    zeroPanel.setBackground(Color.GREEN);
    
    //The following JPanel is populated with text fields
    // and radio buttons that represent the poles.
    JPanel polePanel = new JPanel();
    polePanel.setBackground(Color.YELLOW);
    
    //Add the panels containing textfields and readio
    // buttons to the larger centerControlPanel.
    centerControlPanel.add(zeroPanel);
    centerControlPanel.add(polePanel);
    
    //Add the centerControlPanel to the CENTER of the
    // JFrame object.
    guiFrame.getContentPane().add(
                   centerControlPanel,BorderLayout.CENTER);
    
    //Instantiate a text listener that will be registered
    // on each of the text fields containing real and
    // imaginary values, each pair of which specifies the
    // location of a pole or a zero.
    MyTextListener textListener = new MyTextListener();
    
    //A great deal is accomplished in each of the following
    // two for loops.
    //Begin by populating the arrays described earlier with
    // radio buttons and text fields.
    //Then place the radio buttons associated with the
    // poles and zeros in the same group to make them
    // behave in a mutually exclusive manner.
    //Next, place the components on the polePanel and the
    // zero panel.
    //Then disable the text fields containing the angle
    // and the length to prevent the user from entering
    // data into them.  Note that this does not prevent
    // the program from writing text into the text fields
    // containing the angle and the length.  The text
    // fields are disabled only insofar as manual input by
    // the user is concerned.
    //After that, set the name property for each of the
    // real and imaginary text fields.  These name property
    // values will be used later by a common TextListener
    // object to determine which text field fired a
    // TextEvent.
    //Finally, register a common TextListener object on the
    // real and imaginary text fields to cause the angle 
    // and the length to be computed and displayed when the
    // text value changes for any reason.
    
    //Deal with the poles.
    polePanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(0,5));
    //Place a row of column headers
    polePanel.add(new JLabel("Poles"));
    polePanel.add(new JLabel("Real"));
    polePanel.add(new JLabel("Imag"));
    polePanel.add(new JLabel("Angle (deg)"));
    polePanel.add(new JLabel("Length"));
    //Take the actions described above with respect to the
    // poles.
    for(int cnt = 0;cnt < numberPoles/2;cnt++){
      poleRadioButtons[cnt] = new JRadioButton("" + cnt);
      poleReal[cnt] = new TextField("0");
      poleImag[cnt] = new TextField("0");
      poleAngle[cnt] = new TextField("0");
      poleLength[cnt] = new TextField("0");
      buttonGroup.add(poleRadioButtons[cnt]);
      polePanel.add(poleRadioButtons[cnt]);
      polePanel.add(poleReal[cnt]);
      polePanel.add(poleImag[cnt]);
      polePanel.add(poleAngle[cnt]);
      poleAngle[cnt].setEnabled(false);
      polePanel.add(poleLength[cnt]);
      poleLength[cnt].setEnabled(false);      
      poleReal[cnt].setName("poleReal" + cnt);
      poleImag[cnt].setName("poleImag" + cnt);
      poleReal[cnt].addTextListener(textListener);
      poleImag[cnt].addTextListener(textListener);
    }//end for loop

    //Deal with the zeros.
    zeroPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(0,5));
    //Place a row of column headers
    zeroPanel.add(new JLabel("Zeros"));
    zeroPanel.add(new JLabel("Real"));
    zeroPanel.add(new JLabel("Imag"));
    zeroPanel.add(new JLabel("Angle (deg)"));
    zeroPanel.add(new JLabel("Length"));
    //Now take the actions described above with respect to
    // the zeros.
    for(int cnt = 0;cnt < numberZeros/2;cnt++){
      zeroRadioButtons[cnt] = new JRadioButton("" + cnt);
      zeroReal[cnt] = new TextField("0");
      zeroImag[cnt] = new TextField("0");
      zeroAngle[cnt] = new TextField("0");
      zeroLength[cnt] = new TextField("0");
      buttonGroup.add(zeroRadioButtons[cnt]);
      zeroPanel.add(zeroRadioButtons[cnt]);
      zeroPanel.add(zeroReal[cnt]);
      zeroPanel.add(zeroImag[cnt]);
      zeroPanel.add(zeroAngle[cnt]);
      zeroAngle[cnt].setEnabled(false);
      zeroPanel.add(zeroLength[cnt]);
      zeroLength[cnt].setEnabled(false);      
      zeroReal[cnt].setName("zeroReal" + cnt);
      zeroImag[cnt].setName("zeroImag" + cnt);
      zeroReal[cnt].addTextListener(textListener);
      zeroImag[cnt].addTextListener(textListener);
    }//end for loop

    //Now create an auxiliary display of the z-plane
    // showing a unit circle.  The user locates poles and
    // zeros on it by first selecting the radio button that
    // specifies a particular pole or zero, and then
    // clicking in the z-plane with the mouse.  (Note that
    // locating a pole outside the unit circle should
    // result in an unstable recursive filter with an
    // output that continues to grow with time.)
    refToZPlane = new ZPlane();
    
    //Register an anonymous MouseListerer object on the
    // z-plane.
    refToZPlane.addMouseListener(
      new MouseAdapter(){
        public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e){
          //Get and save the coordinates of the mouse click
          // relative to an orgin that has been translated
          // from the upper-left corner to a point near the
          // center of the frame.
          //Change the sign on the vertical coordinate to
          // cause the result to match our expectation of
          // positive vertical values going up the screen
          // instead of going down the screen.
          int realCoor = e.getX() - refToZPlane.
                                      translateOffsetHoriz;
          int imagCoor = -(e.getY() - refToZPlane.
                                      translateOffsetVert);
          
          //The new coordinate values are deposited in the
          // real and imaginary text fields associated with
          // the selected radio button.
          //Examine the radio buttons to identify the pair
          // of real and imaginary text fields into which
          // the new coordinate values should be deposited.
          //Note that one radio button is always selected,
          // so don't click in the z-plane unless you
          // really do want to modify the coordinate values
          // in the text fields associated with the 
          // selected radio button.
          //Note that the integer coordinate values are
          // converted to fractional coordinate values by
          // dividing the integer coordinate values by the
          // radius (in pixels) of the unit circle as
          // displayed on the z-plane.
          
          //Examine the pole buttons first.
          boolean selectedFlag = false;
          for(int cnt = 0;cnt < numberPoles/2;cnt++){
            if(poleRadioButtons[cnt].isSelected()){
              poleReal[cnt].setText("" + (realCoor/
                  (double)(refToZPlane.unitCircleRadius)));
              poleImag[cnt].setText("" + abs(imagCoor/
                  (double)(refToZPlane.unitCircleRadius)));
              //Set the selectedFlag to prevent the zero
              // radio buttons from being examined.
              selectedFlag = true;
              //No other button can be selected.  They are
              // mutually exclusive.
              break;
            }//end if
          }//end for loop
          
          if(!selectedFlag){//Skip if selectedFlag is true.
            //Examine the zero buttons
            for(int cnt = 0;cnt < numberZeros/2;cnt++){
              if(zeroRadioButtons[cnt].isSelected()){
                zeroReal[cnt].setText("" + (realCoor/
                  (double)(refToZPlane.unitCircleRadius)));
                zeroImag[cnt].setText("" + abs(imagCoor/
                  (double)(refToZPlane.unitCircleRadius)));
                break;//No other button can be selected
              }//end if
            }//end for loop
          }//end if on selectedFlag
          
          //Cause the display of the z-plane to be
          // repainted showing the new location for the
          // pole or zero.
          refToZPlane.repaint();
        }//end mousePressed
      }//end new class
    );//end addMouseListener
    
    //Set the size and location of the InputGUI (JFrame)
    // object on the screen.  Position it in the upper
    // right corner of a 1024x768 screen.
    guiFrame.setBounds(1024-472,0,472,400);

    //Cause two displays to become visible.  Prevent the
    // user from resizing them.
    guiFrame.setResizable(false);
    guiFrame.setVisible(true);
    refToZPlane.setResizable(false);
    refToZPlane.setVisible(true);

    //Save the reference to this GUI object so that it can
    // be recovered later after a new instance of the
    // Dsp046 class is instantiated.
    InputGUI.refToObj = this;
  }//end constructor
  //-----------------------------------------------------//
  
  
  //This is a utility method used to capture the latest
  // text field data, convert it into type double, and
  // store the numeric values into arrays.
  //The try-catch handlers are designed to deal with the
  // possibility that a text field contains a text value
  // that cannot be converted to a double value when the
  // method is invoked.  In that case, the value is
  // replaced by 0 and an error message is displayed on
  // the command-line screen. This is likely to happen,
  // for example, if the user deletes the contents of a
  // text field in preparation for entering a new value.
  // In that case, the TextListener will invoke this
  // method in an attempt to compute and display new
  // values for the angle and the length.
  //One way to enter a new value in the text field is to
  // highlight the old value before starting to type the
  // new value.  Although this isn't ideal, it is the best
  // that I could come up with in order to cause the angle
  // and the length to be automatically computed and
  // displayed each time a new value is entered into the
  // text field.
  void captureTextFieldData(){
    //Encapsulate the pole data in an array object.
    for(int cnt = 0;cnt < numberPoles/2;cnt++){
      try{
        poleRealData[cnt] = 
               Double.parseDouble(poleReal[cnt].getText());
      }catch(NumberFormatException e){
        //The text in the text field could not be converted
        // to type double.
        poleReal[cnt].setText("0");
        System.out.println("Warning: Illegal entry for " +
               "poleReal[" + cnt + "], " + e.getMessage());
      }//end catch
      
      try{
        poleImagData[cnt] = 
               Double.parseDouble(poleImag[cnt].getText());
      }catch(NumberFormatException e){
        poleImag[cnt].setText("0");
        System.out.println("Warning: Illegal entry for " +
               "poleImag[" + cnt + "], " + e.getMessage());
      }//end catch
    }//end for loop

    //Encapsulate the zero data in an array object.
    for(int cnt = 0;cnt < numberZeros/2;cnt++){
      try{
        zeroRealData[cnt] = 
               Double.parseDouble(zeroReal[cnt].getText());
      }catch(NumberFormatException e){
        zeroReal[cnt].setText("0");
        System.out.println("Warning: Illegal entry for " +
               "zeroReal[" + cnt + "], " + e.getMessage());
      }//end catch
      
      try{
        zeroImagData[cnt] = 
               Double.parseDouble(zeroImag[cnt].getText());
      }catch(NumberFormatException e){
        zeroImag[cnt].setText("0");
        System.out.println("Warning: Illegal entry for " +
               "zeroImag[" + cnt + "], " + e.getMessage());
      }//end catch
    }//end for loop

  }//end captureTextFieldData method
  //-----------------------------------------------------//
  
//=======================================================//
//This is an inner text listener class.  A registered
// object of the class is notified whenever the text value
// for any of the real or imaginary values in the pole and
// zero text fields changes for any reason.  When the
// event handler is notified, it computes and displays the
// angle specified by the ratio of the imaginary part to
// the real part.  All angles are expressed in degrees
// between 0 and 359.9 inclusive.  
//Also, when notified, the event handler computes the
// length of an imaginary vector connecting the pole or
// zero to the origin as the square root of the sum of the
// squares of the real and imaginary parts.
//Finally, the event handler also causes the z-plane to be
// repainted to display the new location for the pole or
// zero represented by the text field that fired the event.
class MyTextListener implements TextListener{
  
  public void textValueChanged(TextEvent e){
    //Invoke the captureTextFieldData method to cause the
    // latest values in the text fields to be converted to
    // numeric double values and stored in arrays.
    captureTextFieldData();

    //Identify the text field that fired the event and
    // respond appropriately.  Cause the radio button
    // associated with the modified text field to become
    // selected.
    boolean firingObjFound = false;
    String name = ((Component)e.getSource()).getName();
    for(int cnt = 0;cnt < numberPoles/2;cnt++){
      if((name.equals("poleReal" + cnt)) || 
                          (name.equals("poleImag" + cnt))){
        //Compute and set the angle to the pole.
        poleAngle[cnt].setText(getAngle(
                     poleRealData[cnt],poleImagData[cnt]));
        //Compute and set the length of an imaginary vector
        // connecting the pole to the origin.
        poleLength[cnt].setText("" + sqrt(
                     poleRealData[cnt]*poleRealData[cnt] +
                     poleImagData[cnt]*poleImagData[cnt]));
        //Select the radio button.
        poleRadioButtons[cnt].setSelected(true);
        firingObjFound = true;//Avoid testing zeros
        break;
      }//end if
    }//end for loop

    if(!firingObjFound){
      for(int cnt = 0;cnt < numberZeros/2;cnt++){
        if((name.equals("zeroReal" + cnt)) || 
                          (name.equals("zeroImag" + cnt))){
          //Compute and set the angle to the zero.
          zeroAngle[cnt].setText(getAngle(
                     zeroRealData[cnt],zeroImagData[cnt]));
          //Compute and set the length of an imaginary
          // vector connecting the zero to the origin.
          zeroLength[cnt].setText("" + sqrt(
                     zeroRealData[cnt]*zeroRealData[cnt] +
                     zeroImagData[cnt]*zeroImagData[cnt]));
          //Select the radio button.
          zeroRadioButtons[cnt].setSelected(true);
          break;
        }//end if
      }//end for loop
    }//end if on firingObjFound
    
    //Repaint the z-plane to show the new pole or zero
    // location.
    refToZPlane.repaint();
    
  }//end textValueChanged
  //-----------------------------------------------------//
 
  //This method returns the angle in degrees indicated by
  // the incoming real and imaginary values in the range
  // from 0 to 359.9 degrees.
  String getAngle(double realVal,double imagVal){
    String result = "";
    //Avoid division by 0
    if((realVal == 0.0) && (imagVal >= 0.0)){
      result = "" + 90;
    }else if((realVal == 0.0) && (imagVal < 0.0)){
      result = "" + 270;
    }else{
      //Compute the angle in radians.
      double angle = atan(imagVal/realVal);

      //Adjust for negative coordinates
      if((realVal < 0) && (imagVal == 0.0)){
        angle = PI;
      }else if((realVal < 0) && (imagVal > 0)){
        angle = PI + angle;
      }else if((realVal < 0) && (imagVal < 0)){
        angle = PI + angle;
      }else if((realVal > 0) && (imagVal < 0)){
        angle = 2*PI + angle;
      }//end else
    
      //Convert from radians to degrees
      angle = angle*180/PI;
   
      //Convert the angle from double to String.
      String temp1 = "" + angle;
      if(temp1.length() >= 5){
        result = temp1.substring(0,5);
      }else{
        result = temp1;
      }//end else
    }//end else
    return result;
  }//end getAngle
  //-----------------------------------------------------//
}//end inner class MyTextListener
//=======================================================//

//This is an inner class.  An object of this class is
// an auxiliary display that represents the z-plane.
class ZPlane extends Frame{
  Insets insets;
  int totalWidth;
  int totalHeight;
  //Set the size of the display area in pixels.
  int workingWidth = 464;
  int workingHeight = 464;
  int unitCircleRadius = 200;//Radius in pixels.
  int translateOffsetHoriz;
  int translateOffsetVert;
  
  ZPlane(){//constructor
    //Get the size of the borders and the banner.  Set the
    // overall size to accommodate them and still provide
    // a display area whose size is specified by
    // workingWidth and workingHeight.
    //Make the frame visible long enough to get the values
    // of the insets.
    setVisible(true);
    insets = getInsets();
    setVisible(false);
    totalWidth = workingWidth + insets.left + insets.right;
    totalHeight = 
                workingHeight + insets.top + insets.bottom;
    setTitle("Copyright 2006, R.G.Baldwin");
    
    //Set the size of the new Frame object so that it will
    // have a working area that is specified by
    // workingWidth and workingHeight. Elsewhere in the
    // program, the resizable property of the Frame is set
    // to false so that the user cannot modify the size.

    //Locate the Frame object in the upper-center of the
    // screen
    setBounds(408,0,totalWidth,totalHeight);
    
    //Move the origin to the center of the working area.
    // Note, however, that the direction of positive-y is
    // down the screen.  This will be compensated for
    // elsewhere in the program.
    translateOffsetHoriz = workingWidth/2 + insets.left;
    translateOffsetVert = workingHeight/2 + insets.top;
    
    //Register a window listener that can be used to
    // terminate the program by clicking the X-button in
    // the upper right corner of the frame.
    addWindowListener(
      new WindowAdapter(){
        public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e){
          System.exit(0);//terminate the program
        }//end windowClosing
      }//end class def
    );//end addWindowListener
  }//end constructor
  //-----------------------------------------------------//
  
  //This overridden paint method is used to repaint the
  // ZPlane object when the program requests a repaint on
  // the object.
  public void paint(Graphics g){
    //Translate the origin to the center of the working
    // area in the frame.
    g.translate(translateOffsetHoriz,translateOffsetVert);
    //Draw a round oval to represent the unit circle in the
    // z-plane.
    g.drawOval(-unitCircleRadius,-unitCircleRadius,
               2*unitCircleRadius,2*unitCircleRadius);
    //Draw horizontal and vertical axes at the new origin.
    g.drawLine(-workingWidth/2,0,workingWidth/2,0);
    g.drawLine(0,-workingHeight/2,0,workingHeight/2);
    
    //Invoke the captureTextFieldData method to cause the
    // latest data in the text fields to be converted to
    // double numeric values and stored in arrays.
    captureTextFieldData();
    
    //Draw the poles in red using the data retrieved from
    // the text fields.  Note that the unitCircleRadius in
    // pixels is used to convert the locations of the
    // poles from double values to screen pixels.
    g.setColor(Color.RED);
    
    for(int cnt = 0;cnt < poleRealData.length;cnt++){
      //Draw the conjugate pair of poles as small red
      // squares centered on the poles.
      int realInt = 
                 (int)(poleRealData[cnt]*unitCircleRadius);
      int imagInt = 
                 (int)(poleImagData[cnt]*unitCircleRadius);
      //Draw the pair of conjugate poles.
      g.drawRect(realInt-2,imagInt-2,4,4);
      g.drawRect(realInt-2,-imagInt-2,4,4);
    }//end for loop
    
    //Draw the zeros in black using the data retrieved from
    // the text fields.  Note that the unitCircleRadius in
    // pixels is used to convert the locations of the
    // zeros from double values to screen pixels.

    g.setColor(Color.BLACK);//Restore color to black
    
    for(int cnt = 0;cnt < zeroRealData.length;cnt++){
      //Draw the conjugate pair of zeros as small black
      // circles centered on the zeros.
      int realInt = 
                 (int)(zeroRealData[cnt]*unitCircleRadius);
      int imagInt = 
                 (int)(zeroImagData[cnt]*unitCircleRadius);
      //Draw the pair of conjugate zeros.
      g.drawOval(realInt-2,imagInt-2,4,4);
      g.drawOval(realInt-2,-imagInt-2,4,4);
    }//end for loop

  }//end overridden paint method
}//end inner class ZPlane
//=======================================================//

}//end class InputGUI

Listing 32


Copyright 2006, Richard G. Baldwin.  Reproduction in whole or in part in any
form or medium without express written permission from Richard Baldwin is
prohibited.

About the author

Richard Baldwin is a
college professor (at Austin Community College in Austin, TX) and private
consultant whose primary focus is a combination of Java, C#, and XML. In
addition to the many platform and/or language independent benefits of Java and
C# applications, he believes that a combination of Java, C#, and XML will become
the primary driving force in the delivery of structured information on the Web.

Richard has participated in numerous consulting projects and he
frequently provides onsite training at the high-tech companies located in and
around Austin, Texas.  He is the author of Baldwin’s Programming
Tutorials, which have gained a
worldwide following among experienced and aspiring programmers. He has also
published articles in JavaPro magazine.

In addition to his programming expertise, Richard has many years of
practical experience in Digital Signal Processing (DSP).  His first job after he
earned his Bachelor’s degree was doing DSP in the Seismic Research Department of
Texas Instruments.  (TI is still a world leader in DSP.)  In the following
years, he applied his programming and DSP expertise to other interesting areas
including sonar and underwater acoustics.

Richard holds an MSEE degree from Southern Methodist University and has
many years of experience in the application of computer technology to real-world
problems.

Baldwin@DickBaldwin.com

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